You may already know there are three main types of microphones: dynamic, condenser, and ribbon. Dynamic, or moving coil, mics are the least expensive, but also the most rugged. They handle loud sound sources like drums and guitar amps with ease. You’ve seen these mics many times, because most mics used in live performance are dynamic, but they also get heavy use in the studio.
Shure SM57
Shure SM57 and SM58 dynamic mics set the industry standard. The SM58 ($99 street) is widely used for vocals onstage but also works well on guitar cabinets, snare drums, and toms. The SM57 ($99 street) is a similar dynamic mic aimed at recording instruments more than vocals, since it lacks the 58’s ball grille, which is designed to reduce vocal plosives. I’ve heard very good recordings of acoustic guitar made with an SM57. In fact, you can track any instrument with one of these workhorse microphones and come up with a good sounding final product. Buy each of these very versatile recording tools.
Shure Beta 52A
Another Shure product, the Beta 52A ($199 street), is a specialty mic made to capture kick drums, emphasizing low frequencies. You need one of these, too. The Beta 52A is supercardioid, which means it has a tighter pickup angle and offers good side rejection. This mic is also useful on bass cabinets, tuba, or trombone, and sounds good on floor toms, too.
Condenser microphones are often the most expensive, although they range from $89 to $8,499. Condensers are the most sensitive to dynamics and can also handle loud sound sources. They are used on many instruments—especially for vocals and acoustic instruments, and as drum overheads. Most vocalists prefer a condenser mic in the studio because these mics capture nuanced performances. They often have multiple pickup patterns (omnidirectional, unidirectional, and bidirectional or figure eight), which can be helpful. Condenser microphones need a low-voltage power source, called phantom power, to operate. But the good news is phantom power is found on almost every mixing console and on every interface. Just remember to turn it on when using a condenser.
You don’t need to spend thousands on mics to begin recording demos and even albums.
Audio-Technica AT2021
A great starter condenser is the Audio-Technica AT2021 ($89 street). This small diaphragm mic is excellent for acoustic instruments, including guitar. They also work well as drum overheads. Audio-Technica makes some other high-quality, affordable condenser mics, too. I recommend buying two AT2021s. Then, you’ll have two drum overhead mics that will also sound great recording various acoustic instruments.
AKG P420
A large-diaphragm condenser mic is what most singers prefer in the studio, for its sensitivity to the nuances of vocal performances. They are also used on acoustic instruments, including horns, upright bass, and piano. The AKG P420 ($229 street) is an excellent vocal microphone that can be set for all three pickup patterns. And the omnidirectional pickup pattern can be useful when recording an entire ensemble or vocal group.
Radial ProDI
If you’ve played a gig on acoustic guitar, you already know what a direct box, or DI, does. In the studio, DIs are used to record high-output instruments such as keyboards or bass without distorting. It’s always good to have one on hand. Radial makes high-quality DIs, and I recommend the Radial ProDI 1 ($129 street) for its simplicity and efficiency.
Our total cost for these six mics and direct box is $933. Not bad for a basic, easy-to-find home studio mic selection that’ll get you started. And remember, when you’re ready, there’s a myriad of other manufacturers and mics out there to explore. To say nothing of plugins and hardware.
PS: Ribbon mics are the most fragile. They are often used for specific voices or instruments like brass and woodwinds, or a string section, and they are not as versatile as the other mic types. But ribbon mics do have a nice low frequency bump, and the word “warm” is often used to describe their sound. Because they are not as versatile as dynamic and condenser microphones, ribbon mics can always be added to your collection after you get the basics covered.
The Mics
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| Shure SM57 List: $170 Certainly a classic, this reliable, rugged dynamic mic has a frequency response of 40Hz–15kHz. Its relatively tight cardioid polar pattern and ability to take high volumes make it a first-call on many sessions. Due to its aggressive mid-range growl, it’s a perfect companion to blend with “darker” mics. When it comes to bang for the buck, the SM57 is hard to beat. Download Audio | Royer R-121 List: $1395 The R-121 is a dynamic Ribbon mic with a Figure-8 polar pattern. Like other ribbons, it’s warm, creamy and natural. Unlike most other ribbons, it was built to take a max SPL rating of 135dB, making it a great cabinet mic. Also, by turning it around and reversing the phase, the back is sonically brighter at distances of two feet and closer. We found its face-front sound to be one of our favorites overall for warmth and character—a perfect blend with an SM57. Download Audio | Neumann U 87 (Ai) List: $3998 Another legendary classic, this large diaphragm mic has three polar patterns (cardioid, omni, figure-8). We used an older model in cardioid mode, but the new Ai version has circuitry to increase the headroom by 10dB. With the rear switch attenuated, the U 87 can take up to 127dB and has a frequency response of 20Hz–20kHz. You can hear the “beef” on both clean and distorted parts, and very nice attitude on distorted sound. Download Audio |
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| Shure SM58 List: $188 Almost always thought of as a vocal mic, sometimes you just have to put one up on a cabinet. Like the SM57, its price, midrange peak, 50Hz–15kHz frequency response and ability to handle massive gain make it a mic drawer classic. Essentially a 57 with a different grill and more girth, it sounded surprisingly good on the clean parts. Download Audio | Earthworks QTC1 (Same as QTC40) List: $1295 An omni? Sure, why not! The QTC’s small diaphragm gives it a realistic and accurate sound. A super-wide frequency range of 4Hz–40kHz and max acoustic input of 142dB SPL make it a great option. It had a very natural sound—what you heard in the room is what came out of the speakers. Download Audio | Sennheiser MD 421 List: $598 A cardioid mic with a five-position bass rolloff (to help eliminate proximity effect), this mic is a classic tone heard for decades now. Its frequency response of 30Hz–17kHz and ability to take very high SPLs give it a full, round sound. It works great with other mics, and by itself sounded warm and full, with slightly rolled off highs. Download Audio |
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| Beyerdynamic M 160 List: $799 The M 160 is a hypercardioid, dynamic ribbon mic that has two ribbons arranged one above the other a half-millimeter apart. It’s got a max SPL of 129dB and a frequency response of 40Hz–18 kHz. Its big, ribbony sound is always a favorite for good reason. Download Audio | Audix i5 List $179 The i5 is a dynamic, general-purpose mic with a cardioid polar pattern. It has a frequency response of 50Hz–16kHz and a max SPL of 140dB—so it can take it hard. It sounds like a 57, but with additional presence and upper mid clarity, and would make a great partner with a MD 421 or Royer. Download Audio | Audio-Technica AT4060 List: $1665 This is a large cardioid, vacuum tube condenser with a large, 2-micron-thick gold diaphragm and separate power supply. It features 20Hz–20kHz specs and can take up to 131dB SPL, which is a lot for a tube mic. While it may not be the best call by itself, it would make a nice mic to put back around 3–4 feet for some additional room sound. Download Audio |
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| Coles 4038 List: N/A The 4038 is a studio ribbon mic designed by the BBC for broadcasting and recording. It’s bidirectional (figure-8) with a frequency response of 30Hz–15kHz and can take up to 125dB SPL—although we had to move this back to 11 inches for breakup factor. Another classic ribbon sound with the softened highs and warm overall tone, there’s no denying this one. Download Audio | Audio-Technica AT4047/SV List: $745 This good-looking condenser mic has a wide frequency response of 20Hz–18kHz and the ability to take up to 159dB SPL with the 10dB pad in. There’s a switchable 80Hz hi-pass filter as well, and it features a gold plated dualdiaphragm capsule design. It captured both crisp highs and a well-rounded bottom. Download Audio | AKG 414 B-ULS List: $1349 Wow, another classic. The 414 has five switchable polar patterns (omni, wide cardioid, cardioid, hyper cardioid, figure-8) and a large, 1-inch diaphragm. It’s got 20Hz–20kHz frequency response and a max SPL of up to 158 with -18dB of attenuation switched in. We set it to cardioid, no pad. This mic cuts through a mix well and has lots of attitude. Download Audio |
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| EV RE20 List: $750 Often referred to as the “donkey dick” mic, this large diaphragm dynamic cardioid monster routinely seen and heard on radio/TV broadcasts has a frequency response of 45Hz–18kHz. Commonly used in guitar session work, it makes a great complement to other mics, such as the 57. We used a PL15, which is basically the same model. It’s got great low end in both the clean and distorted parts… smooth upper mids and not too much high end. Download Audio | Shure SM7B List: $619 This dynamic is often viewed as a radio mic, but it has a smooth sound and 50Hz–20kHz frequency response. There are bass roll-off and mid-range emphasis switches, but we set it flat. With an immediately pleasing sound both clean and distorted, it’s got a bottom-heavy focus that works great alone or in conjunction with a brighter mic—great attitude. Download Audio | M-Audio Luna List: $399 Now available as the Luna II, this cardioid condenser has a large, solid brass capsule, Class-A electronics and a 10dB pad, which lets it handle up to 140dB SPL. It has a good, full low end and smooth mids, especially on the distorted tracks, and is well balanced. Download Audio |
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| Heil PR 40 List: $375 A dynamic supercardioid mic from Heil Sound, it features a large low-mass aluminum diaphragm, a heavy steel case and a wide frequency response from 28Hz–18kHz. Very nice bottom and high end, almost nondescript in a positive way. It sounds really cool with a Coles 4038, or the like. Download Audio | B&K 4006 List: $1925 (as DPA 4006) Now labeled under the DPA name, this high-end, phantom-powered omni mic is often used in classical recordings. Its got an extremely linear frequency response from 20Hz–20kHz, and can take up to 143dB max SPL. It sounds quite natural, with non-extended highs and lows that give you back just what you put in front of it. Download Audio | Reslo List: N/A A classic English ribbon mic from the early sixties, it’s got a frequency response of 40Hz–15kHz… no wonder it can be heard on some of those classic Beatles recordings. The output sounds like analog tape through an old tube console. Download Audio |
Below, Grammy Award Winning engineer/producer Pete Moshay and I put a nice selection of mics up on an electric guitar session, all ranging in street price from $99 to over $4000. From the desert island Shure SM57 to a vintage Coles 4038 ribbon, there’s something for everyone.
The Method
I recorded two guitar licks directly into Pro Tools HD at 24-bit, 48kHz using a Creation Audio Labs MW1 and a stock early-nineties American Standard Telecaster, set to the middle pickup position. We then fed that output into a Mesa Boogie MKIV (Full power, Triode and Simul-Class settings) head and a Boogie 4x12 cabinet with Black Shadow speakers in Moshay’s A-frame live room (plugged into a balanced power source).
Using our ears to pick the best speaker, we then placed each mic directly on axis, about two inches from the grill, just to the left outside the center of the cone. We used a Little Labs IBP to run the signal from Pro Tools to the amp, bringing the +4dB line level signal to guitar level. Each lick was recorded first on the Boogie’s Channel 1 clean setting, then on Channel 3 with some tube saturation. We used a Focusrite ISA 828 on Medium impedance (which we felt imparted the least coloration on the varied mic impedances), running the signal directly into Pro Tools with the preamp’s A/D converters, all clocked with an Apogee Electronics Big Ben. No patch bay was used.
The only adjustments made were to maintain a consistent signal where the peaks hit around -3–4 dB, using a 1kHz tone sent into the amp at approximately -25dB. With all the various types, models and dynamic ranges of the mics, it’s not a perfect science to get exact measurements and levels, but we tried to keep everything as even as possible.
Shure SM57
Certainly a classic, this reliable, rugged dynamic mic has a frequency response of 40Hz–15kHz. Its relatively tight cardioid polar pattern and ability to take high volumes make it a first-call on many sessions. Due to its aggressive mid-range growl, it’s a perfect companion to blend with “darker” mics. When it comes to bang for the buck, the SM57 is hard to beat.
$99 street
shure.com
Royer R-121
The R-121 is a dynamic Ribbon mic with a Figure-8 polar pattern. Like other ribbons, it’s warm, creamy and natural. Unlike most other ribbons, it was built to take a max SPL rating of 135dB, making it a great cabinet mic. Also, by turning it around and reversing the phase, the back is sonically brighter at distances of two feet and closer. We found its face-front sound to be one of our favorites overall for warmth and character—a perfect blend with an SM57.
$1,295 street
royerlabs.com
Neumann U 87 Ai
Another legendary classic, this large diaphragm mic has three polar patterns (cardioid, omni, figure-8). We used an older model in cardioid mode, but the new Ai version has circuitry to increase the headroom by 10dB. With the rear switch attenuated, the U 87 can take up to 127dB and has a frequency response of 20Hz–20kHz. You can hear the “beef” on both clean and distorted parts, and very nice attitude on distorted sound.
$3,650 street
en-de.neumann.com
Shure SM58
Almost always thought of as a vocal mic, sometimes you just have to put one up on a cabinet. Like the SM57, its price, midrange peak, 50Hz–15kHz frequency response and ability to handle massive gain make it a mic drawer classic. Essentially a 57 with a different grill and more girth, it sounded surprisingly good on the clean parts.
$99 street
shure.com
Earthworks QTC1
An omni? Sure, why not! The QTC’s small diaphragm gives it a realistic and accurate sound. A super-wide frequency range of 4Hz–40kHz and max acoustic input of 142dB SPL make it a great option. It had a very natural sound—what you heard in the room is what came out of the speakers.
$1,998 street
earthworksaudio.com
Sennheiser MD 421
A cardioid mic with a five-position bass rolloff (to help eliminate proximity effect), this mic is a classic tone heard for decades now. Its frequency response of 30Hz–17kHz and ability to take very high SPLs give it a full, round sound. It works great with other mics, and by itself sounded warm and full, with slightly rolled off highs.
$399 street
en-us.sennheiser.com
Beyerdynamic M 160
The M 160 is a hypercardioid, dynamic ribbon mic that has two ribbons arranged one above the other a half-millimeter apart. It’s got a max SPL of 129dB and a frequency response of 40Hz–18 kHz. Its big, ribbony sound is always a favorite for good reason.
$699 street
north-america.beyerdynamic.com
Audix i5
The i5 is a dynamic, general-purpose mic with a cardioid polar pattern. It has a frequency response of 50Hz–16kHz and a max SPL of 140dB—so it can take it hard. It sounds like a 57, but with additional presence and upper mid clarity, and would make a great partner with a MD 421 or Royer.
$99 street
audixusa.com
Audio-Technica AT4060
This is a large cardioid, vacuum tube condenser with a large, 2-micron-thick gold diaphragm and separate power supply. It features 20Hz–20kHz specs and can take up to 131dB SPL, which is a lot for a tube mic. While it may not be the best call by itself, it would make a nice mic to put back around 3–4 feet for some additional room sound.
$1,699 street
audio-technica.com
Coles 4038
The 4038 is a studio ribbon mic designed by the BBC for broadcasting and recording. It’s bidirectional (figure-8) with a frequency response of 30Hz–15kHz and can take up to 125dB SPL—although we had to move this back to 11 inches for breakup factor. Another classic ribbon sound with the softened highs and warm overall tone, there’s no denying this one.
$1,438 street
Audio-Technica AT4047/SV
This good-looking condenser mic has a wide frequency response of 20Hz–18kHz and the ability to take up to 159dB SPL with the 10dB pad in. There’s a switchable 80Hz hi-pass filter as well, and it features a gold plated dualdiaphragm capsule design. It captured both crisp highs and a well-rounded bottom.
$699 street
audio-technica.com
AKG C414
Wow, another classic. The 414 has five switchable polar patterns (omni, wide cardioid, cardioid, hyper cardioid, figure-8) and a large, 1-inch diaphragm. It’s got 20Hz–20kHz frequency response and a max SPL of up to 158 with -18dB of attenuation switched in. We set it to cardioid, no pad. This mic cuts through a mix well and has lots of attitude.
$1,155 street
akg.com
Electro-Voice RE20
Often referred to as the “donkey dick” mic, this large diaphragm dynamic cardioid monster routinely seen and heard on radio/TV broadcasts has a frequency response of 45Hz–18kHz. Commonly used in guitar session work, it makes a great complement to other mics, such as the 57. We used a PL15, which is basically the same model. It’s got great low end in both the clean and distorted parts… smooth upper mids and not too much high end.
$449 street
electrovoice.com
Shure SM7B
This dynamic is often viewed as a radio mic, but it has a smooth sound and 50Hz–20kHz frequency response. There are bass roll-off and mid-range emphasis switches, but we set it flat. With an immediately pleasing sound both clean and distorted, it’s got a bottom-heavy focus that works great alone or in conjunction with a brighter mic—great attitude.
$399 street
shure.com
M-Audio Luna
Now available as the Luna II, this cardioid condenser has a large, solid brass capsule, Class-A electronics and a 10dB pad, which lets it handle up to 140dB SPL. It has a good, full low end and smooth mids, especially on the distorted tracks, and is well balanced.
m-audio.com
Heil PR 40
A dynamic supercardioid mic from Heil Sound, it features a large low-mass aluminum diaphragm, a heavy steel case and a wide frequency response from 28Hz–18kHz. Very nice bottom and high end, almost nondescript in a positive way. It sounds really cool with a Coles 4038, or the like.
$299 street
heilsound.com
DPA 4006
Now labeled under the DPA name, this high-end, phantom-powered omni mic is often used in classical recordings. Its got an extremely linear frequency response from 20Hz–20kHz, and can take up to 143dB max SPL. It sounds quite natural, with non-extended highs and lows that give you back just what you put in front of it.
$2,339 street
dpamicrophones.com
Reslo
A classic English ribbon mic from the early sixties, it’s got a frequency response of 40Hz–15kHz… no wonder it can be heard on some of those classic Beatles recordings. The output sounds like analog tape through an old tube console.
[Updated 12/12/21]