Intermediate
Intermediate
- Learn the difference between diatonic and non-diatonic notes.
- Use dissonance to spice up your solos.
- Understand how scales, chords, and non-diatonic notes work together.
Why is it that when soloing some notes that seemingly shouldnāt work, do? And no, itās not jazz weāre talking about. So get ready to play some dissonant music that sounds wonderful.
Which Are the Wrong Notes?
For the purposes of this lesson, when weāre referring to āwrongā notes, what we honestly mean are ānon-diatonicā notesānotes that are not in the home key of the chord progression. For instance, in the key of C major we have the notes C-D-E-F-G-A-B and the chords C-Dm-Em-F-G-Am-BĀŗ. Thus, any notes not found in this collection are non-diatonic. As a result, this entire lesson will only use chords from the home key of C major, making the non-diatonic notes easier to identify. Respectively, Iāve also labeled the āwrongā notes as flats, even though sometimes they technically function as sharps.
Spice up Your II-Vs
When it comes to playing āwrongā notes, one of the best places to start is the old I-IV-V progression. While the tradition of the blues obviously fits into this category, Iām going to bypass that genre as there are plenty of other lessons focused on that idiom. Instead, Iām going to jump ahead to the bluesā babiesāthe first wave of rock and roll from the 1950s; its second wave, the British Invasion; the third wave of American garage rock; and ending with some rock/fusion.
Though I am skipping traditional blues, the chord progression in Ex. 1 is in fact a 12-bar, but without the traditional blues riff. In fact, this feel is more akin to Gene Vincentās āBe-Bop-a-Lula,ā and the note choices are based on Cliff Gallupās original solo.
To our 21st-century ears, most of this solo sounds normal, however, in the 1950s, many of these choices were radical to those raised on pop music. Thatās because this solo is full of non-diatonic notes, specifically the b7, b5, b3, and b2, all of which can be seen in the notation by looking for the flat symbols. For example, measure one starts on a Bb, aka b7, measure two has a Gb, aka b5, etc. So keep your eyes and ears open for these non-diatonic notes.
One important piece of theory information here: When labeling notes as b7, b5, etc. itās important to understand that these notes have two relationships, one to the overall key and one to each individual chord itās being played over. For instance, a Bb is a b7 in the key of C and over a C chord, yet over the F chord the Bb is a 4. Additionally, over the G chord, the Bbis a b3. This can seem confusing at first but just think of it as a familial relationship: A daughter to a mother can also be a sister to a brother. Itās that straightforward: same person, two different relationships.
Ex. 2 is based on another I-IV-V 1950s rock and roll classic, Buddy Hollyās āItās So Easy.ā It would be understandable to presume that this example is merely using the blues scale, but this isnāt true. What this solo, and the entire lesson, emphasizes is that itās the combination of both diatonic and non-diatonic notes that makes this lead so dynamic. Thus, this solo contains all 12 notes found in Western music! Even better, this solo also contains three so-called āquarter-stepā bends (measures five and seven), which are not normally acknowledged in the traditional Western chromatic scale. A solo with 15 different notesā¦ Amazing!
Moving on to a British Invasion era sample, Ex.3 contains non-diatonic notes in both the lead and accompaniment. At this point, itās worth mentioning that many of the āwrongā notes are what we call chromatic passing tones, meaning we donāt spend a lot of time on these but pass through them on the way to diatonic notes. This can be seen and heard when the accompaniment moves from F to Gb to G, and throughout the solo. This lead also benefits from a ārhythmic motif,ā meaning that the rhythm of the lead is consistent throughout the first three measures, which brings cohesion to the solo, and feels satisfying when measure four, surprisingly, varies the rhythm. This example is loosely based on āThe Game of Loveā by Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders.
Ex. 4 is our final I-IV-V example, which was inspired by the McCoyās garage rock-era cover of āHang On Sloopy,ā featuring a young Rick Derringer on guitar. This lead is almost entirely composed of double-stops, combining both diatonic and non-diatonic notes.
Mixolydian Hybrid
Returning to the British Invasion, countless songs from that era employ chord progressions that emphasize the Mixolydian mode, which is to say that they revolve around, and resolve to the V chord, instead of resolving to the I. The Themās āGloriaā is a prime example. Hence Ex. 5, a Mixolydian hybridāthe progression is pure Mixolydian, the solo is not. While the original āGloriaā solo avoids non-diatonic notes, it does possess a rhythmic motif, which is a triplet figure comparable to the one in our example. As mentioned earlier, a rhythmic motif is a shrewd way to bring cohesion to a solo, even more so when using āwrongā notes. Ex. 5 abuses this privilege by running through a series of triplet groupings. Of particular interest are measures seven and eight, which contain a Db, which is extremely dissonant against the F and C chords yet still works wonderfully.
The Who also had their fair share of Mixolydian progressions (āI Canāt Explainā being perhaps the most famous) and Ex. 6 was inspired by their āRun Run Run,ā featuring a solo by a studio musician named Jimmy Page. Unlike Pageās solo, which is largely pentatonic, this lead accentuates the differences between the various diatonic and non-diatonic notes.
Our final example, Ex. 7, is another Mixolydian hybrid inspired by both Jeff Beckās āFreeway Jamā and Steely Danās āReelinā in the Years.ā Once again we enjoy plenty of chromatic passing tones, and also noteworthy is the Gb, in measure four that wants to resolve to G but instead goes to B; and final descending triplets, which, as wrong as many of them are, find structure in their symmetry.
While there are myriad worlds of āwrongā note genresā20th Century classical music, free jazz, art punk, etc.āthose are contexts in which wrong become ārightā by way of stylistic intent. This lesson has attempted to demonstrate wrong notes in more pedestrian situations, circumstances in which an otherwise ānormalā solo may be enhanced by spice, tension, and the unexpected. I hope youāll attempt some of these ideas the next time you find yourself in a classic rock, country, or even folk jamā¦because wrong notes are alright!
The Hagstrom F-11 was built with improbable tone materials, but it still sings with zing.
Growing up in the shadow of the Martin Guitar Factory, I learned a thing or two about tonewoods. Quite a few of my friends got jobs at the factory right out of high school, and over the years, Iāve seen how woods are cured, selected, and cared for. The Japanese factories Iāve visited really took this idea to the next level. Iāve seen curing rooms with classical music being played to stacks of wood. Iāve seen huge storerooms with different woods sorted by age (some well over 100 years old), country of origin, and quality of figuring. Hell, I've even seen logs that were dragged out of Mississippi swamps, shipped to Japan, and cured.
If youāve ever had conversations with high-end collectors, then youāve probably heard all sorts of poetic waxing on birdseye and flame and such. But what would you, good reader, say about a guitar that featured a plywood body wrapped in diner-booth vinyl? Oh, and then this same guitar had a layer of acrylic screwed to the top! How do you think a guitar like that would sound?
Much like the Italian guitar factories, Hagstrom took cues from accordion design and applied them to electric guitars, going way out there with enough sparkle and pearloid to send you trippinā
Your first response may be informed by taste and income level. As for me, Iām indifferent. A guitar will sound good or it wonāt. After listening and playing so many guitars, Iāve developed quite an ear for āzingā or āpopā as I like to call it. And the budget-class Hagstrom F-11 guitar has some zing for sure.
The F-11 comes from the mid ā60s and was part of a line of guitars to make it to the U.S. via Sweden, from where it was imported by Merson Musical Products in Westbury, New York. Sometimes these guitars are called H-I models in European catalogs, but in the Merson catalog these were billed as the F-11 and cost $129.50 in 1966. The F-11 came in red, black, white, or, as in this case, blueāmy favorite guitar color.
Hereās a close-up look at the In-Motion vibrato, and note the labeling on the tone preset switches and volume dial.
Hagstromās accordion-making roots date back to the 1920s. When they began manufacturing electric guitars in 1958, the company immediately offered some of the craziest examples seen in Europe and soon developed a reputation for fine guitars and basses. Much like the Italian guitar factories, Hagstrom took cues from accordion design and applied them to electric guitars, going way out there with enough sparkle and pearloid to send you trippinā!
Even the most affordable Hagstrom electrics came with several effective features. Inside the F-11's slim neck lies the worldwide-patented H-shaped truss rod that was dubbed the āExpander-Stretcher.ā Itās a nice design, and these old Hagstrom necks have held up over time. The vibrato was also a design wonder that, for a period, was copied extensively by various Japanese makers. Hagstrom called the unit an āIn Motionā vibrato, and the upper plate floats over the base plate with proper string tension. The vibrato takes some time to dial in but works rather smoothly. Although Hagstromās āMicro-Maticā bridge was found on more upscale models, allowing for better string spacing, adjustable intonation, and a sharp break-over for the strings, budget models like this F-11 have a simpler wooden bridge with non-adjustable metal saddles.
The sound of the F-11 is quite Strat-like and gives players a Fender-y experience with a little more oomph. Iāve always been impressed with Hagstrom pickups. Iāve liked almost every example Iāve heard, and the pickups also hold up well with the passage of time.
Measuring around 7k, they are a little hotter than Fender pickups from the same era. The F-11ās electronics include a cute little control panel, straight out of a spaceship, with one master volume and four mini-switches for high, low, tone, and mute functions. These are essentially preset tone switches that most players would probably find redundant, but theyāre kind of neato. And who could miss that crazy mesh inlay between the pickups. Why? Why not!?
These mid-ā60s Hagstroms are really sweet guitars, and I own three different models that I use quite a bit. Hey, go search one out if you canāas long as youāre not bothered by plywood and acrylic.
Occasionally new saviors rise to restore rockās soul and give it the kick in the ass it needs. In 2021, those saviors are Nova Twins' Amy Love and Georgia South and their two monstrous secret pedalboards.
Bassist Georgia South and vocalist/guitarist Amy Love embody everything right about rock, and they fly in the face of what's wrong with it. As two women of colorāLove is half Iranian and half Nigerian, South is half Jamaican and half Englishāthey're sick of being told who they should be, what kind of music they should play, or how to play it. They're sick of being asked how they do it (more on that in a minute). And most of all, they're tired of feeling out of place in the male-dominated rock world.
āWe love the rock scene," South says. āBut it needs a shakeup in diversity, especially with women in the scene and people who don't identify as men. I mean, we played [France's] Hellfest and were the only women on that stage for that day."
āAnd there are some exciting things in the underground," Love says. āThere are new artists that are hinting toward where we could go. But I think the gatekeepers and the promoters need to make an effort to find these new bands. Right now, we regurgitate the same headliners that have been going for years and years. But we need to make sure we build for the future, so that rock can survive."
In a case of serendipity, these two like-minded creatives found each other, aimed their sights on these issues, and created a savage new sound with an immediate sonic impact. It's loud, bold, and abrasive. It's like a million sawtooth synthesizers locked in a relentless groove and hell-bent on taking your head off.
So what does this have to do with guitar? Glad you asked.
This musically militant duo creates their grating grooves with a bass, a guitar, and two closely guarded pedalboards. (They also have a deftly skilled live drummer, Tim Nugent.)
āWe like to create a world out of the bass and guitar," South says. āWe were influenced by electronica, R&B, and even pop, to some extent. And they were all combined into our sound. We also love the production of certain hip-hop tracks. So we thought, 'How can we bring out that sound, but do it on our instruments?'"
āAnd we didn't need to add anything else," adds Love. āThere's something quite special about musicianship. But what was nice and challenging was, 'How do we create this thing as a three-piece?'"
From the moment the Twins began writing together, they knew they had struck something original. And that they had something to say. What initially emerged was their debut single, 2015's āBassline Bitch."
Even a cursory listen to the track reveals two souls throwing caution to the winds with an already fully realized sound, defined by South's locomotive bass and Love's go-for-the-throat vocal style. The guitar weaves in and out, completing the picture.
On their debut album, Who Are the Girls?, Nova Twins explore issues of race and sexuality, set against aggressive grooves and an intense electronica energy that has gained them comparison to U.K's the Prodigy.
āThe guitar was always there," Love says. āBut the way we fundamentally think about things is a bass and a vocal. At heart, that's what we bring to the table. The guitar has to be conscious of what the bass is doing because it is, sonically, the driving force of the track."
The recipe works, and āBassline Bitch" caught the ear of the industry. One EP and three singles later, the Nova Twins were hard at work on their recent full-length debut, Who Are the Girls? While Many bands choose to play it safe for their first album, the Nova Twins aren't most bands. The new releasefinds them abrasive, boundary pushing, and more focused on their message than ever.
The aptly titled Who Are the Girls? tackles issues like race, sexuality, and misogyny. Much like Rage Against the Machine did in the '90s, their lyrics offer an uncomfortable look at the state of our world. You might agree, or you might disagree. But as soon as Nova Twins' roar pierces your eardrums, you're definitely paying attention.
The album explodes with the aggressive beats and attitude of '90s-era electronic music, in the vein of the Prodigy and Chemical Brothers. (āThe good ones," according to Love.) You'll even find the groove and power of hip-hop and nu metal. From the first bass drop of āVortex" to the chaotic conclusion of the album's closer, āAthena," the whole album is relentless, and it's all done with thoroughly modern musical expression.
Though always driving and always massive, Nova Twins' music is surprisingly straightforward. It sounds riddled with synthesizers, but there aren't any. There are no plug-in virtual instruments, no vintage analog pieces, no backing tracks....
āThey asked when we went into the studio, 'Do you guys want to use synths?' We said, 'No, we don't. We want to be able to do it [our way] and see if we can,'" says South. āAnd being women of color, we feel like we have to prove ourselves 10 times harder. So doing it in that raw form, playing all the pedals at once, and being able to play it all live was the way we needed to do it, especially on the debut album. We're not saying we might not use synths in the future. We don't know. But the debut is special, and we wanted to be able to prove that to everybody."
āIt's really heavy," says bassist Georgia South of her Westone Thunder 1. āI love that it's passive. When you have loads of pedals, it's good to have something neutral like that. I got it from my friend's dad and have played it ever since." Photo by Arthur RenĆ© Walwin
Without synths, Love's and South's choice of effects pedals play a vital role. Each musician performs behind crowded pedalboards full of carefully tuned effectsāsound-sculpting devices, manipulated on the fly, that help Nova Twins redefine the power trio. We're not talking about MIDI-triggered multi-effects or a loaded laptop, either. There are no typical, always-on tone sweeteners.
However, don't ask them what pedals they use. When I did, I saw the disappointed look of artists with more important things to talk about. Namely, why their pedals aren't the point.
āYou must know that it's a secret?" asked South. āWe don't say. We have them all taped up. Getting into it, we didn't look at anyone else's pedalboard. That's not really important. We just encourage people to find their own sound."
āWe do have a Boss tuner," Love added, with a sly laugh.
āI recommend to new bass players that they don't need to idolize someone," South continued. āIf you idolize someone too much, you lose track of who you could be. So don't idolize anyone. Listen to your bare self, and whatever comes out will be your sound."
Basses
Westone Thunder 1Fender Precision
Fender fretless
Amps
Gallien-Krueger 2x12 MB series comboMarshall Valvestate guitar combo
Marshall JCM800 Studio Classic 20-watt combo
Strings, Picks & Cables
Ernie Ball strings (.045ā.100)Dunlop Tortex picks
Van Damme and Fender cables
Putting their art before their tools is a noble trait. Lord knows we sometimes spend too much time reversing those priorities. But luckily for the gearheads out there, Love and South were eager to dig in on their guitars, basses, amps, and playing techniques.
South, who started on piano, moved to bass when searching for something more powerful. She found it in her beloved 1980s Westone Thunder 1.
āThat bass is my absolute baby," she says. āIt's really heavy. And I love that it's passive. When you have loads of pedals, it's good to have something neutral like that. I got it from my friend's dad and have played it ever since. I'm just obsessed with Westone. I even have a Westone jacket with Westone on the back, from a Facebook group." [Laughs.]
Channeling her 4-string obsession, South crafts lines that hit as hard as many five-piece metal bands. And we're not talking about riding eighth notes, either. From melodic flourishes to devastating riffs, each song covers her entire fretboard. Listen to the filtered, staccato stabs and manipulated metal explosions in the new album's āBullet" and you'll understand. She pushes it all through a surprisingly small, multi-amp setup of a Gallien-Krueger MB 212 bass combo and an old Marshall Valvestate guitar combo, which packs a 12AX7 preamp tube into an otherwise solid-state circuit.
āThe Gallien-Krueger combo is so small and so light," South says. āIt's perfect when traveling in a car to all the venues, which we did in the past. We even did huge shows, and it still filled the room. And the Marshall Valvestate was cool because I couldn't blow any valves up. And I've blown up Ampegs!"
Love, on the other hand, is a lesson in restraintāthough not tonally. Her guitar cuts an equally savage path through their tracks. But as a songwriter first, her style is all about serving Nova Twins.
āI love Annie Clark," Love shares. āShe's quite interesting with St. Vincent. And the way that Jack White made guitars scream, they were quite angular. I really enjoyed that as well. But I never looked to guitar players that I admired. We developed in our own band, in a bubble. I mean, the guitar doesn't have to be busy. It can be like little hip-hop lines here and there or tiny color counterparts. It's there to support the bass and add nuance."
āIt roars, and I love it," says Amy Loves about her Fender Player Mustang 90. āIt has P-90 pickups, so it's not as tweedy as a normal Mustang. And it's short scale, so it's great to play. I like the way it fits my curves and body shape as a woman. And it works really well with my pedals. It just fits, you know?" Photo by Arthur RenĆ© Walwin
However she came to her unique style, she knows when to play, when to fall out, and how to give every note maximum impact. There are thousands of lead guitarists claiming they're striving for the same thing, but every one of them can take a lesson from Love and her Fender Player Mustang 90.
āIt roars, and I love it," Loves says of her Mustang. āIt has P-90 pickups, so it's not as tweedy as a normal Mustang. And it's short scale, so it's great to play. I like the way it fits my curves and body shape as a woman. And it works really well with my pedals. It just fits, you know?"
With no shows currently on the books, the Nova Twins live rigs are a bit of a question mark. Creating new music is the current priority, so it's all about gear experimentation now.
āWe are in a transitional period. We're writing new stuff, which will require more and more shit," Love says. āI use my [Fender] Hot Rod [Deluxe], which packs a punch. It's great. It's classic. And Marshall gave me an Origin ORI50C amp, which is designed for pedals. It's really clear and true sounding. It's also great when you want to play clean, pretty guitar. I want to try splitting the tones."
Guitars
Fender Player Mustang 90American Professional II Stratocaster
Amps
Fender Hot Rod DeluxeMarshall ORI50C Origin
Strings, Picks & Cables
Ernie Ball strings (.010 and .011 sets)Dunlop Tortex picks
Van Damme and Fender cables
South's live rig is at a similar crossroads. āFor the album, I had the Valvestate," South says. āAnd we haven't been able to play them live yet, but in rehearsals I have a Marshall JCM800 [Studio Classic]. It's super loud and small, which is great. And it's a lot more gnarly and hotter in tone compared to the [Valvestate]. So I'm still trying to decide which one I prefer."
As you can imagine, executing their energetic performancesāwith dynamic vocals, intricate playing, and on-the-fly pedalboard manipulationāis a mammoth task.
āWe started writing to these sounds. Then we were trying to play and sing at the same time, while also trying to set off this pedal," explains Love. āWe ended up thinking, 'Fuck, this is really difficult!' But we didn't think about not doing it. We just thought, 'How can we make this happen?'"
āIt's a lot," South agrees. āIn between every song, there's a routine where you have to change every setting on a lot of the pedals. So you learn every song, and you have to learn the pedal set to go with it. And it has a whole foot routine to go with it. So it takes a while to figure out how to play it."
āThe pedals and stuff will never die," South continues. āI think we want to hold onto the [new album's] sound to a certain extent. But I think we also don't want to get complacent, be comfortable, or sit still. So we'll stay true to our roots. But we also know that we'll grow and experiment."
āYeah. We're not going to suddenly bring out a drum 'n' bass album for the second record," Love says. āWe're just going to bring what we've learned from the first record and put it into the second. It will just be more of what we do."
Amy Love and Georgia South, aka Nova Twins, tear through seven examples of effects-driven riffs, precision, and sheer power all without any synths or backing tracks.