There’s way more to blues harmony than just major and minor.
Theory: Advanced
Lesson Overview:
• Learn to appreciate the power of tonalities.
• Understand how to alter a phrase to fit the harmony.
• Scare your friends with wicked diminished licks. Click here to download a printable PDF of this lesson's notation.
I went to the crossroads, took out a bunch of student loans
I went to the crossroads, took out a bunch of student loans
Asked the Lord above, “Have mercy now
I still can’t rhyme or play the blues”
Blues is one of those things that is hard to pin down in theory class. Is it major? Is it minor? It just doesn’t seem to make sense, so it must be just a feel thing, right?
Well, what if I told you that you can feel and think about it deeply and maybe come up with a system of blues harmony that makes sense to your brain and your belly? I’ll explain a system that gives you some extra sounds from which to borrow, sounds you may have known instinctively, but not thought of or labeled in this way before.
Use this lesson to make your blues playing more sophisticated. Come to think of it, also take this lesson as permission to put more blues in your “sophisticated” playing.
As somewhat of a theory nerd, I avoid learning licks to merely regurgitate them. Instead, I like to analyze and find the tonal sources of licks so I can make up my own ideas. The “tonality” that I talk about here is a group of seven notes and the family of chords you can derive from it. Tonality is powerful in that it has a built-in tension and resolution that’s comfortable to people’s ears. It’s predictable in a good way, and can hold the attention of an audience. Chromatic or symmetrical sounds are cool, but not in the same way. Done right, chromatic and symmetrical sounds can dazzle the ears, but they often give the ear permission to release the memory of the preceding notes. This lesson has to do with tonal sounds in blues.
Blues comes naturally to guitar players. Our unique ability to finesse the pitch and “sass” the notes is deep in our tradition. Blues is foundational to so many styles, and admit it: Guitar is the best at it. Embrace it.
All the great players had a way of thinking that made sense to them. I don’t pretend that the system I’m about to present is the right or orthodox approach, but stick with me, because I don’t want to be the only one who thinks this way. This is the stuff I talk about at parties!
The Method
Here’s the formula for a minor blues scale: 1–b3–4–b5–5–b7.
Here’s the formula for a major blues scale: 1–2–b3–3–5–6.
When we combine these scales, we have nine(!) notes. We’re only not allowed to play the b2, #5, and 7—although in the right hands, any note can sound bluesy. Nine notes gives us a lot of options
Finding the Tonalities
Instead of just running this nine-note scale up and down, let’s separate certain notes into groups in order to find the seven-note tonalities embedded within. Why? Because, like I said before, tonality is powerful and can hold the attention of an audience.
The nine notes of the hybrid blues scale contain five different seven-note tonalities: two from the major scale and one each from harmonic minor, melodic minor, and harmonic major. Each of these “blues tonalities” has its own flavor and each is capable of creating a unique set of chords or voicings.
Note: In the following formulas, I’m using b5 and #4 interchangeably. Pitch-wise, they’re identical—it’s only the name that varies. We do this to account for every numeral between 1 and 7 in our scale formulas.
The five tonal sounds embedded in the hybrid blues scale are:
Mixolydian (5th mode of the major scale), 1–2–3–4–5–6–b7
Dorian (2nd mode of the major scale), 1–2–b3–4–5–6–b7
Dorian #4 (4th mode of the harmonic minor scale), 1–2–b3–#4–5–6–b7
Lydian dominant (4th mode of the melodic minor scale), 1–2–3–#4–5–6–b7
Locrian ♮2 ♮6 (2nd mode of the harmonic major scale), 1–2–b3–4–b5–6–b7
Some of these sound major, some sound minor, and a couple have diminished qualities. Some are a mixture.
Next, we will put these formulas into a pile of real-world licks that will be sure to annoy your friends and impress your neighbors. Notice how these licks target certain chord tones. To make each lick sound bluesy, you’ll need to use your usual bends and slides to “sass” these target notes.
Mixolydian
It can be voiced as a dominant 7, 9, or 13 chord, as well as the sus versions of all three. This is the most common mode used in major blues situations. It sounds happy and feels familiar.
Ex. 1 starts with a descending Mixolydian scale in sixths. Remember, it won’t sound like blues unless you slide into certain notes, as shown. The rest of the lick uses double-stops and a combination of slides and hammer-ons targeting the 3 from a half-step below. If you’re familiar with the CAGED method, you’ll recognize that most of this lick utilizes the “E” shape. If you aren’t, check out The CAGED System Demystified
Click here for Ex. 1
Here’s a lick (Ex. 2) that uses triads and is reminiscent of a famous Herbie Hancock funk tune. It slides from Em to F#m, and then hammers-on from D to G all over an A bass note, making it sound like an A13 chord. The lick ends with slides (in sixths) and a bend into the notes of an A chord. All familiar bluesy sounds.
Click here for Ex. 2
We will invoke the CAGED method again with Ex. 3, which lives in the “G” shape. This time, the root is held on the 1st string while the moving line ascends chromatically on the 2nd string. Both the 3 and the 5 are sassed from the south (3 from b3 and 5 from the b5). Again, it’s a classic lick that you have heard from many blues and country artists.
Click here for Ex. 3
Next is an Albert King-style lick (Ex. 4) that is one of the sassiest of all blues licks. It requires a lot of bending strength in that it uses a double-stop bend. But definitely learn this one, as I’ll be revisiting it within all the other blues tonalities. Bend up to the root from the b7 on the 1st string and then while holding the bend, roll the same finger over to the 2nd string and release the bend down to the 5. Next, use your first finger to bend from the b3 to the 3 on the 2nd string. The rest of the lick grabs some choice notes in Mixolydian, sliding into the 4 from the 5, and the 3 from the b3. In the CAGED system, this lick is mostly in the “A” shape.
Click here for Ex. 4
Ex. 5 is a bebop-style blues lick that’s typical of George Benson. Over the A7 chord, it starts on the 5, arpeggiating an Em7 chord (E–G–B–D). It features chromatic passing notes from the 6 to the 1, and ends by sliding from b3 to the 3.
Click here for Ex. 5
Dorian
It can be voiced as minor 7, minor 9, minor 11, or minor 6 chords. Obviously, it’s the most popular mode in minor blues situations. Again, familiar territory here.
Ex. 6 is that same bebop-style blues lick we heard in Mixolydian, but transposed/moved to fit over A Dorian. This one is on a different string set, so you’ll have to learn a new pattern. (Tip: It’s always a good idea to learn your licks with alternate fingerings, so you’ll have some options with phrasing.)
Click here for Ex. 6
Ex. 7 starts off with another Herbie Hancock-influenced idea using double-stops in thirds. It then switches over to a more guitaristic lick on the top two strings that’s then closely echoed an octave down on the 3rd and 4th strings.
Click here for Ex. 7
Ex. 8 is a Wes Montgomery-style blues lick based on a motif that starts on the 1st string and goes from 2 to 1, then moves to the 2nd string and goes from 6 to 5 in the same way. The motif repeats an octave lower on the 3rd and 4th strings. Check out how the first half of the motif rears its head one more time on the 5th string just before the final Am6 chord.
Click here for Ex. 8
Remember the Albert King-style lick we did over Mixolydian? Here it is again (Ex. 9), but adapted to fit Dorian. Instead of sliding or bending to the 3, the note remains on the b3, which creates a minor sound.
Click here for Ex. 9
Dorian #4
Much like regular Dorian, this mode can be voiced as minor 7, minor 6, minor 7b5, or diminished 7 chords. Blues licks in this tonality have an interesting flavor in that they can offer both minor and diminished qualities.
Here’s that Wes Montgomery-style Dorian lick again (Ex. 10). All of the notes work in Dorian #4 because there’s no 4 in the lick, but there’s a surprise Am7b5 chord at the end to retroactively place the phrase in this new context.
Click here for Ex. 10
Ex. 11 is a minor blues lick that really exploits the rub between the #4 and the 5 by descending through an altered pentatonic. Instead of the typical minor pentatonic formula of 1–b3–4–5–b7, we raise the 4 to a #4. You might also recognize these five notes as the minor blues scale without the natural 4. This is a stanky sound!
Click here for Ex. 11
I love half-diminished arpeggios. They are super sassy and angry when played in the context of blues, and they remind me of one of my favorite players, Scott Henderson. Ex. 12 uses two positions of an Am7b5 (half-diminished) arpeggio, with a slide down to the 6 at the end.
Click here for Ex. 12
I hope you still remember that Albert King-style lick. Here it is yet again (Ex. 13). It’s like the Dorian version, but instead of releasing the bend a whole-step, I hit the #4 instead.
Click here for Ex. 13
Lydian Dominant
This mode can be voiced as dominant 7, 9, or 13 chords, and naturally features the #11 as an extension on any of those. It’s mostly a major blues sound, but that #4 adds a ton of spice.
Ex. 14 starts with an A7(#11) chord and then adds some sixths in Lydian dominant. It then uses a run adapted from a common jazz phrase known as the “Cry Me a River” lick, starting on the 13.
Click here for Ex. 14
Next, we have a fairly typical major blues lick (Ex. 15), but the surprise is that it bends up from the 4 to the #4, and the b3 to the 3. This is followed by another common major blues lick using double-stops in the “A” CAGED shape. Sustain the 5 on the 1st string while bending (or hammering-on) from the b3 to the 3 on the 2nd string. The phrase ends on a #11, an essential part of this tonality. In the context of an A7(#11) chord, be sure to get those bends in tune to capture this flavor.
Click here for Ex. 15
Here’s that Albert King-style lick again (Ex. 16). This time, just like in Dorian #4, do your best to release the bend only a half-step to drop to the #4 on the 2nd string before cutting off the note. Also, like in Mixolydian, notice this one has the b3 bending (or sliding) up to the 3.
Click here for Ex. 16
This is an example of how you can mix bluesy playing with strict tonal playing (Ex. 17). The lick starts with some sliding sixths, which are followed by an augmented triad arpeggio starting on D#. The augmented sound can be an attention grabber, for sure.
Click here for Ex. 17
Locrian ♮2 ♮6
This mode can be voiced as a minor 7b5 or fully diminished 7 chord. This mode is probably the most diminished sounding of the bunch.
Ex. 18 is that same half-diminished arpeggio lick used in the Dorian #4 tonality. It uses two positions of the m7b5 arpeggio, followed by a slide to the 6.
Click here for Ex. 18
Okay—the Albert King-style lick makes another appearance (Ex. 19). In minor again, but this time don’t hit the 5. Go from the b5 to 4. You’ll have to cut off the initial bend after hitting the root in order to target the b5. Before playing the 2nd string, release the bend half way so that you release from a b5, instead of the 5. Make sense?
Click here for Ex. 19
Ex. 20 is a very cool blues lick I got from an organ player. It only uses notes from a diminished 7 chord along with a ♮4, and it just happens to work in this oh-so-nerdy mode. It descends while repeating itself every octave.
Click here for Ex. 20
This last one is definitely for extra credit because it’s the hardest (Ex. 21). It’s an adaptation of a classic diminished-scale lick. Instead of using the eight notes of the diminished scale, it uses only the seven notes contained in the G harmonic major scale (G–A–B–C–D–Eb–F#). In the context of the Adim7 chord, it’ll sound like the ultimate A Locrian ♮2 ♮6 lick. Sure to fend off any nefarious bill collector or bandleader!
Click here for Ex. 21
Just remember: It’s not what you play as much as how you play it that makes something bluesy.
Some of us love drum machines and synths and others don’t, but we all love Billy.
Billy Gibbons is an undisputable guitar force whose feel, tone, and all-around vibe make him the highest level of hero. But that’s not to say he hasn’t made some odd choices in his career, like when ZZ Top re-recorded parts of their classic albums for CD release. And fans will argue which era of the band’s career is best. Some of us love drum machines and synths and others don’t, but we all love Billy.
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The English guitarist expands his extensive discography with 1967: Vacations in the Past, an album paired with a separate book release, both dedicated to the year 1967 and the 14-year-old version of himself that still lives in him today.
English singer-songwriter Robyn Hitchcock is one of those people who, in his art as well as in his every expression, presents himself fully, without scrim. I don’t know if that’s because he intends to, exactly, or if it’s just that he doesn’t know how to be anyone but himself. And it’s that genuine quality that privileges you or I, as the listener, to recognize him in tone or lyrics alone, the same way one knows the sound of Miles Davis’ horn within an instant of hearing it—or the same way one could tell Hitchcock apart in a crowd by his vibrantly hued, often loudly patterned fashion choices.
Itchycoo Park
“I like my songs, but I don’t necessarily think I’m the best singer of them,” he effaces to me over Zoom, as it’s approaching midnight where he’s staying in London. “I just wanted to be a singer-songwriter because that’s what Bob Dylan did. And I like to create; I’m happiest when I’m producing something. But my records are blueprints, really. They just show you what the song could be, but they’re not necessarily the best performance of them. Whereas if you listen to … oh, I don’t know, the great records of ’67, they actually sound like the best performances you could get.”
He mentions that particular year not offhandedly, but because that’s the theme of the conversation: He’s just released an album, 1967: Vacations in the Past, which is a collection of covers of songs released in 1967, and one original song—the title track. Boasting his takes on Procol Harum’s “A Whiter Shade of Pale,” the Beatles’ “A Day in the Life,” Pink Floyd’s “See Emily Play,” and Small Faces’ “Itchycoo Park,” among eight other tracks, it serves as a sort of soundtrack or musical accompaniment to his new memoir, 1967: How I Got There and Why I Never Left.
Hitchcock, who was 14 years old and attending boarding school in England in 1967, describes how who he is today is encased in that period of his life, much like a mosquito in amber. But why share that with the world now?
In the mid ’70s, before he launched his solo career, Hitchcock was the leader of the psychedelic group the Soft Boys.
Photo by Tim Bugbee/tinnitus photography
“I’m 71; I’ve been alive quite a long time,” he shares. “If I want to leave a record of anything apart from all the songs I’ve written, now is a good time to do it. By writing about 1966 to ’67, I’m basically giving the context for Robyn Hitchcock, as Robyn Hitchcock then lived the rest of his life.”
Hopefully, I say, the publication of these works won’t ring as some sort of death knell for him.
“Well, it’s a relative death knell,” he replies. “But everyone’s on the conveyor belt. We all go over the edge. And none of our legacies are permanent. Even the plastic chairs and Coke bottles and stuff like that that we’re leaving behind.... In 10- or 20-thousand-years’ time, we’ll probably just be some weird, scummy layer on the great fruitcake of the Earth. But I suppose you do probably get to an age where you want to try and explain yourself, maybe to yourself. Maybe it’s me that needs to read the book, you know?”
“I’m basically giving the context for Robyn Hitchcock, as Robyn Hitchcock then lived the rest of his life.”
To counter his description of his songs above, I would say that Hitchcock’s performances on 1967: Vacations in the Past carve out their own deserved little planet in the vintage-rock Milky Way. I was excited in particular by some of his selections: the endorsement of foundational prog in the Procol Harum cover; the otherwise forgotten Traffic tune, “No Face, No Name and No Number,” off of Mr. Fantasy, the Mamas & the Papas’ nostalgic “San Francisco,” and of course, the aforementioned Floyd single. There’s also the lesser known “My White Bicycle” by Tomorrow and “I Can Hear the Grass Grow” by the Move, and the Hendrix B-side, “Burning of the Midnight Lamp.”
Through these recordings, Hitchcock pays homage to “that lovely time when people were inventing new strands of music, and they couldn’t define them,” he replies. “People didn’t really know what to call Pink Floyd. Was it jazz, or was it pop, or psychedelia, or freeform, or systems music?”
His renditions call to mind a cooking reduction, defined by Wikipedia as “the process of thickening and intensifying the flavor of a liquid mixture, such as a soup, sauce, wine, or juice, by simmering or boiling.” Hitchcock’s distinctive, classic folk-singer voice and steel-string-guided arrangements do just that to this iconic roster. There are some gentle twists and turns—Eastern-instrumental touches; subtly applied, ethereal delay and reverb, and the like—but nothing that should cloud the revived conduit to the listener’s memory of the originals.
And yet, here’s his review of his music, in general: “I hear [my songs] back and I think, ‘God, my voice is horrible! This is just … ugh! Why do I sing through my nose like that?’ And the answer is because Bob Dylan sang through his nose, you know. I was just singing through Bob Dylan’s nose, really.”
1967: Vacations in the Pastfeatures 11 covers of songs that were released in 1967, and one original song—the title track.
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“I wait for songs to come to me: They’re independent like cats, rather than like dogs who will faithfully trail you everywhere,” Hitchcock explains, sharing about his songwriting process. “All I can do is leave a plate of food out for the songs—in the form of my open mind—and hope they will appear in there, hungry for my neural pathways.”
Once he’s domesticated the wild idea, he says, “It’s important to remain as unselfconscious as possible in the [writing] process. If I start worrying about composing the next line, the embryonic song slips away from me. Often I’m left with a verse-and-a-half and an unresolved melody because my creation has lost its innocence and fled from my brain.
“[Then] there are times when creativity itself is simply not what’s called for: You just have to do some more living until the songs appear again. That’s as close as I can get to describing the process, which still, thankfully, remains mysterious to me after all this time.”
“In 10- or 20-thousand-years’ time, we’ll probably just be some weird, scummy layer on the great fruitcake of the Earth.”
In the prose of 1967: How I Got There and Why I Never Left, Hitchcock expresses himself similarly to how he does so distinctively in his lyrics and speech. Amidst his tales of roughing his first experiences in the infamously ruthless environs of English boarding school, he shares an abundance of insight about his parents and upbringing, as well as a self-diagnosis of having Asperger’s syndrome—whose name is now gradually becoming adapted in modern lexicon to “low-support-needs” autism spectrum disorder. When I touch on the subject, he reaffirms the observation, and elaborates, “I think I probably am also OCD, whatever that means. I’ve always been obsessed with trying to get things in the right order.”
He relates an anecdote about his school days: “So, if I got out of lunch—‘Yippee! I’ve got three hours to dress like a hippie before they put me back in my school clothes. Oh damn, I’ve put the purple pants on, but actually, I should put the red ones on. No! I put the red ones on; it’s not good—I’ll put my jeans on.’
Robyn Hitchcock's Gear
Hitchcock in 1998, after embarking on the tour behind one of his earlier acoustic albums, Moss Elixir.
Guitars
- Two Fylde Olivia acoustics equipped with Sennheiser II lavalier mics (for touring)
- Larrivée acoustic
- Fender Telecaster
- Fender Stratocaster
Strings & Picks
- Elixir .011–.052 (acoustic)
- Ernie Ball Skinny Top Heavy Bottom .010–.054 (electric)
- Dunlop 1.0 mm
“I’d just get into a real state. And then the only thing that would do would be listening to Trout Mask Replica by Captain Beefheart. There was something about Trout Mask that was so liberating that I thought, ‘Oh, I don’t care what trousers I’m wearing. This is just, whoa! This music is it.’”
With him having chosen to cover “See Emily Play,” a Syd Barrett composition, the conversation soon turns to the topic of the late, troubled songwriter. I comment, “It’s hard to listen to Syd’s solo records.... It’s weird that people enabled that. You can hear him losing his mind.”
“You can, but at the same time, the fact they enabled it means that these things did come out,” Robyn counters. “And he obviously had nothing else to give after that. So, at least, David Gilmour and the old Floyd guys.... It meant they gave the world those songs, which, although the performances are quite … rickety, quite fragile, they’re incredibly beautiful songs. There’s nothing forced about Barrett. He can only be himself.”
“There was something about Trout Mask Replica that was so liberating that I thought, ‘Oh, I don’t care what trousers I’m wearing. This is just, whoa!’”
I briefly compare Barrett to singer-songwriter Daniel Johnston, and we agree there are some similarities. And then with a segue, ask, “When did you first fall in love with the guitar? Was it when you came home from boarding school and found the guitar your parents gifted you on your bed?”
Robyn pauses thoughtfully.“Ah, I think I liked the idea of the guitar probably around that time,” he shares. “I always used to draw men with guns. I’m not really macho, but I had a very kind of post-World War II upbringing where men were always carrying guns. And I thought, ‘Well, if he’s a man, he’s got to carry a gun.’ Then, around the age of 13, I swapped the gun for the guitar. And then every man I drew was carrying a guitar instead.”
Elaborating on getting his first 6-string, he says, “I had lessons from a man who had three fingers bent back from an industrial accident. He was a nice old man with whiskers, and he showed me how to get the guitar in tune and what the basic notes were. And then I got hold of a Bob Dylan songbook, and—‘Oh my gosh, I can play “Mr. Tambourine Man!”’ It was really fast—about 10 minutes between not being able to play anything, and suddenly being able to play songs by my heroes.”
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Hitchcock does me the kindness, during our atypically deep conversation—at least, for a press interview—of sharing more acute perceptions of his parents, and their own neurodivergence. Ultimately, he feels that his mother didn’t necessarily like him, but loved the idea of him—and that later in life, he came to better understand his lonely, depressive father. “My mother was protective but in an oddly cold way. People are like that,” he shares. “We just contain so many things that don’t make sense with each other: colors that you would not mix as a painter; themes you would not intermingle as a writer; characters you would not create.... We defy any sense of balance or harmony.
“Although the performances are quite rickety, quite fragile, they’re incredibly beautiful songs. There’s nothing forced about Barrett. He can only be himself.”
“The idea of normality.... ‘Normal’ is tautological,” he continues. “Nothing is normal. A belief in normality is an aberration. It’s a form of insanity, I think.
“It’s just hard for us to accept ourselves because we’re brought up with the myth of normality, and the myth of what people are supposed to be like gender-wise, sex-wise, and psychologically what we’re supposed to want. And in a way, some of that’s beginning to melt, now. But that probably just causes more confusion. It’s no wonder people like me want to live in 1967.”
YouTube It
In this excerpt from the Jonathan Demme-directed concert film of Robyn Hitchcock, Storefront Hitchcock, the songwriter performs an absurdist “upbeat” song about a man who dies of cancer.