At his legendary Sun Records studio, producer Sam Phillips recorded tracks that formed the earliest library of rock ’n’ roll music. He cut seminal records with Howlin’ Wolf, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, and the king himself, Elvis Presley.
Here’s a breakdown of classic Sun Records recording methods, and a brief guide to matching them in your own studio.
Greetings and welcome to another Dojo. Last month I showed you how to get some early-Beatles vibe into your mixes. This time, I’d like to turn the clock back a bit earlier, put the ragtop down, throttle the Chevy small-block V8 and burn rubber back to the cradle of American rock ’n’ roll—Memphis, Tennessee. Tighten up your (seat) belts, the Dojo is now open.
On January 3, 1950, Sam Phillips’ Memphis Recording Service opened its doors and welcomed any genre of music—especially the blues. After having early success with B.B. King, Phillips’ first No. 1 hit was recorded in March of 1951 with Ike Turner and his Kings of Rhythm (credited to Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats because Brenston sang the lead vocal).
The song, “Rocket 88,” about an Oldsmobile with a V8 engine, has become legendary for at least two reasons: It is arguably the first recorded example of rock ’n’ roll, and the first recorded song with distortion.
Legend has it that while the band was en route to Memphis, guitarist Willie Kizart’s amp fell from the truck onto the pavement as the band hastily tried to change a flat tire. Once they reached the studio, plugged it in and heard the distorted, gravelly buzz of the amp (most likely the amp’s speaker cone was torn), Phillips quickly stuffed paper taken from the diner next door into the back of the amp, hit record, and the rest is history.
By 1952, Philips would change the studio’s name to Sun, add a matching record label, and record the soon-to-be seminal musical offerings of Howlin’ Wolf, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Charlie Rich, Roy Orbison, Johnny Cash, and Elvis Presley.The Sun Sound, Mics, and Room
Armed with a repurposed 1930s RCA 76D radio broadcast console, two Ampex 350 tape recorders, a Presto 6N lathe, and a handful of mics (RCA 77-DX, RCA 44-BX, and Altec “coke bottle” 21B), Sam Phillips would go on to shape and codify the “sound” of rock ’n’ roll. For me, the sound of early Sun recordings can be boiled down to three main elements: ribbon mics, a tight room sound, and highly saturated tape delay.
Dojo veterans will remember the “Microphone Polar Patterns 101” article, “Two Mics, One Cab, and Infinite Tones” video, and note my love for ribbon mics on just about everything. Ribbon mics feature a wonderful high-end roll-off, smooth midrange, plenty of low end, and are mostly used in a figure-eight polar pattern. They naturally capture any size of room sound in a flattering way that is never harsh and adds dimension to the source material. I believe they’re closer to the way our ears naturally “hear.”
“Ribbon mics feature a wonderful high-end roll-off, smooth midrange, plenty of low end, and are mostly used in a figure-eight polar pattern.”
Sun’s tracking room is 18′ x 33′ with square acoustic tiles covering the walls and the undulating V-ceiling. There are no partitions and all musicians are recorded in the same room together as a band. This is a huge part of the Sun sound as the mics invariably have bleed from other instruments playing in the room, no matter how strategically placed—in a good way!
Lastly, there’s the gloriously saturated “slapback” delay echo from the Ampex 350 tape machines: This is a hallmark production value that Sam Phillips really exploited on mostly all of the early Sun records, and became the sound of rock ’n’ roll.
Sun Shine
The good news is that most of the original gear is available as plugins. Here are my top two plugins that will help add some Sun shine to your recordings:
- Waves Kramer Master Tape ($29 street) is a lovely Ampex 350 tape machine emulation with lots of vibe and coloration.
- Slate Digital Virtual Console Collection ($149 street) is five consoles in one plugin (Neve, SSL, API, Trident, and RCA).
Try using both of these plugins on every track and adjust to taste the amount of noise, saturation, feedback, and EQ.
Lastly, if you’re in the market for a new all-purpose microphone that accurately emulates every classic microphone, look no further than Universal Audio’s Sphere DLX ($1,499 street). The Sphere DLX models 38 of the most coveted mics in the world (including the RCA 77-DX). You can select your microphone, polar pattern, and other settings before recording and change them all completely afterwards. They also offer a dual mode for making a stereo recording from one mic.
Until next time, keep sharing your music with the world. Namaste.
Four blue-chip engineers—Dave Fridmann, Eric Bauer, Colin Marston, and Jarvis Taveniere—explain what you need to do to prepare your home recordings for prime-time mixing—and sonic glory.
Some time ago, home recording was a field largely occupied by ambitious amateurs who weren't quite ready for a pro studio and wild eccentrics whose limitless creativity knew no bounds. This made the rare home-recorded release a special treat, and albums by artists such as Brian Wilson, Daniel Johnston, and Guided By Voices gave us a glimpse into their raw creative processes. But as the ubiquity of laptop DAWs replaced 4-track machines and portable digital recording consoles as the de facto home setup, the field became democratized.
It's not news that recording gear has gotten cheaper in recent years. Nowadays, for the price you would have paid for a low-end 4-track back in the '90s, you can buy a mid-level interface, monitors, and a decent enough microphone to make studio-quality recordings. "If you've got a [Focusrite] Scarlett, an SM57, and Ableton Live, you have so much more in front of you than the Beatles ever dreamed of having," says Dave Fridmann, producer/engineer and owner of Cassadaga, New York's Tarbox Road Studios, who has famously mixed home-recorded albums by Tame Impala and his longtime collaborators the Flaming Lips. "There's no reason why you can't do anything you can think of with that gear. Anything." If that's not encouraging enough, consider that even major-label artists such as Fiona Apple and guitarist-producer Steve Lacy have, at times, avoided high-budget studio sessions, opting to record at home and use the same inexpensive tools that are accessible to the rest of us.
While those of us who want to can—and, during the pandemic, most likely did—get to work on our next masterpiece in the comfort of our homes, some limits remain. And for many of us who have been recording on our own, the biggest limitation may be our own ability to mix. What do we do when it's time to make the final decisions on how our tracks should sound? It might seem intuitive, but anyone who has ever tried to mix his or her own recordings knows that the right sound can be hard to nail down and the limitless list of plug-ins can be overwhelming. Lucky for us, there are plenty of professional engineers who are ready to mix our home recordings and elevate them to the level of sonic majesty. With that in mind, we tracked down four of our favorite engineers and discussed the process of having an engineer mix our home-studio tracks.
When Two Brains Think as One
Artists should feel free to reach out to their mixing engineers as early in their recording process as possible, says Jarvis Taveniere, who is happy to share helpful tips with his clients, from brainstorming mic placement to setting up a room.
The very first step is to find the right person for the job. You'll probably want to pick someone who has worked with bands you know, bands you like, or bands you think sound like what you're working on. You should feel comfortable reaching out to engineers and asking questions. Good engineers are only going to want to mix your record if they feel like they can add something to it, and you should feel the same way about them.
Jarvis Taveniere, who plays in the band Woods and has engineered albums by bands such as Fleet Foxes, King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard, and Real Estate, tells us that it's of utmost importance that an artist and engineer really click. "I don't want to have to convince people that their vision of their song is wrong," he says. "If I don't like their vision of it, then we shouldn't be working together, and I say that with love."
"It's cool to listen to yourself through one mic and be like, 'What does it sound like? Does this sound good? Does it sound harsh?'" —Jarvis Taveniere
You'll also want to consider how you'd like to work together. It's always fun and can be instructive to attend a mixing session, but if you don't have a good fit locally, remote mixing opens up your options to just about anyone you can think of—who fits your budget, of course. Technical details may narrow down your search, too. But don't be dissuaded if it doesn't make sense to work with the engineer of your dreams right now. Every engineer has his or her own way of mixing, and that means different requirements for the files you actually send them—more on that later. And if you've already recorded your album without your engineer's parameters in mind, you may have more limitations than if you haven't gotten started.
Before You Hit “Record”
The engineers we spoke with agreed that, most of the time, clients don't reach out about mixing until their recording is mostly finished. But if you're considering tracking at home and can figure out who you'd like to work with before you begin, that mixing engineer can offer some insight about recording and collaborating.
Taveniere says contact before recording is his "perfect scenario," and believes it can be helpful to discuss things such as mic selection, mic placement, and even simple room treatment options to avoid potential mixing headaches. For example, he explains, "The room is important. If you're recording something at home, close-miking guitar amps is easy and you can do bass and keys direct, so the few things that can have ambience can open up the record. If you're in a room that's rectangular or square, with parallel walls, and you have a condenser on an acoustic, you're probably gonna hear some of the room, you're gonna hear some of those reflections." With the help of a sample recording and a photo, he's happy to help clients get a warm and focused room sound. "Throwing down some rugs, building or buying some 2'x4' absorption panels … it's fun to set up your space so you can have a good sounding room." Addressing such issues in advance will not only make mixing easier, it may give mixers like Taveniere more flexibility to make their mark on your recordings.
Colin Marston, seen here hard at work at his Menegroth: The Thousand Caves studio, advises you to keep your tracking levels low.
If you're not ready to commit to a mixing engineer before you start tracking, there are some simple tips you can follow that will make things easier later. "Use minimal mic setups, one or two mics at the most, especially when you're in a practice space," recommends Eric Bauer, who runs Bauer Mansion studio in San Francisco, where he's worked with Thee Oh Sees, Ty Segall, and many more. Taveniere agrees, adding, "It's cool to listen to yourself through one mic and be like, 'What does it sound like? Does this sound good? Does it sound harsh?' You can make adjustments if you go slow and think about it, and make decisions."
This is very easy to apply to electric guitar tracking. "If you put a mic in front of it and get a level that isn't clipping, that's good enough for me," says Colin Marston, who runs Menegroth, The Thousand Caves studio in Queens, New York, and plays in Gorguts, Krallice, and Dysrhythmia. This is also a reminder to be sure to record with enough headroom. Once a level clips, it can't be undone. As for common fears about recording too quietly? Marston assures us not to worry, saying, "With 24-bit audio, we have more headroom than you could ever hope to hear, so it's better to shoot a little bit conservatively when it comes to that."
Know Your Tones
Straight from Colin Marston's desktop: an organized session with easy-to-understand labelling.
Some guitarists who record at home are unable to capture the sounds they want. Others are capable of getting their desired tones, but need help taking their project across the finish line. For players in the former camp, Marston recommends reamping. This means the sky's the limit when it comes to guitar tones. And it's a godsend for guitarists seeking the sound of a big, cranked amp, but who can't get that at home.
"The definition of reamping is running anything through another amp," explains Marston. "If I take a signal that's already been miked and run that through an amp again [and record it with a mic, again], it's like a game of telephone: You're gonna get a really blurry, weird signal that no one is used to hearing, because it's being filtered twice through this process that we're only ever used to hearing it filtered through once." Because of this, it may be ideal to plan to reamp your signal from the start, and to perhaps record your original guitar part via DI. "For reamping to sound undetectable, it's gotta be via a DI signal of some variety," Marston adds. "That can be a straight DI or a signal that has been run through a simulator, pedals, or the preamp stage of an amp. Different engineers may have different opinions about which signal they receive."
"With 24-bit audio, we have more headroom than you could ever hope to hear, so it's better to shoot a little bit conservatively." —Colin Marston
Reamping can be a time-consuming process, since the engineer is effectively re-recording your takes, but it all depends on what you are trying to achieve. "That's one of those things you have to estimate at the beginning," Marson says. "Is this time and investment to shorten the overall session or is this going to unnecessarily add time where the tone they've got already is pretty good?"
But it's ideal to just find a sound you love and get it printed. "What's happening now is that people are recording flat: They stick a mic in front of something and they record it and then they shape the sound," says Fridmann. "I don't encourage people to do this. I think it's a much better idea to get a great sound, something with character that fits the tone of the song you're working on, and print it and be done with it and don't go back. I don't want to—and you don't need to—fiddle with plug-ins for six weeks. If you've got a sound you think is cool, print it and move on.
Delivering Your Tracks
Here's a quick check-list to help make your tracks mix-ready:
- Make sure there's no clipping on your track levels
- Label your tracks, clearly and cleanly
- Turn off master channel processing before bouncing tracks to a sharable format
- Send WAV files to avoid audio quality loss
- Use a sample rate and bit depth of at least 44.1kHz/24-bit
- Provide rough mixes with your tracks
- Use zip files or another means to compress files before emailing
"You can leave it up to the mix engineer, but I don't see why you would. From my standpoint, that's a production decision. If you send me a clean guitar that has no processing on it, but you're expecting it to be distorted, we've got way too much to talk about, and I'm trying to mix this song today."
Audio File Hygiene
At the start of every mixing session, Eric Bauer will run a client's rough mixes through his board to help them hear what they can expect from his signal chain.
Most of the engineers we spoke to ask their clients to send them separate synced audio files accompanied by a rough mix. This provides the most flexibility while letting them hear how you're imagining the final recording. Some engineers prefer to have a DAW session as well, so this should be part of any conversation before you get started working together.
If you're bouncing down individual tracks, it's important that you understand exactly what you need to do to make the compiled tracks work. And if you don't, talk to your engineer. Most DAWs make it quite easy to export synced tracks, while others, particularly GarageBand, do not.
"Use minimal mic setups, one or two mics at the most, especially when you're in a practice space." —Eric Bauer
Bauer explains the dangers of bad exporting: "People bring over files and they'll be not synced, not to the same length, so we'll have to sync them up in Pro Tools, which is never completely accurate. I'll have random guitar solos, an overdub of a guitar solo, and I'll have to move it. That's one of the big problems I get."
Whether you're sending separate WAV files or DAW sessions, every track needs to be effectively labeled in a universal way that will help your engineer quickly understand what they're looking at. In an ideal situation, your engineer will spend time mixing and not navigating extensive file names, trying to figure out what's going on with your tracks. That means keep your labels short and clear—Marston offers "GTR U87" as a short label anyone mixing a record would understand—and keep your folders organized.
Second That Emotion
Dave Fridmann encourages home recordists to focus on songwriting and getting cool sounds, and to let mixing engineers worry about the technical details.
When Fridmann mixed Kevin Parker's self-recorded Tame Impala debut, Innerspeaker, Parker flew from Australia to Tarbox Road to mix the album. When they completed the mix, both felt satisfied with the result. But Parker changed his mind upon returning home and flew all the way back to work with Fridmann on a remix. Sure, it was a lot of extra work, and Fridmann says both mixes sounded good, but he agrees that the final version was the better of the two. That just goes to show that there is more than one way to mix a recording. Everyone hears music their own way and the best finished product is what sounds best to the artist … and even that can change. What mixing engineers do is help us hear what is possible and bring that to life.
"If you've got a [Focusrite] Scarlett, an SM57, and Ableton Live, you have so much more in front of you than the Beatles ever dreamed of having." —Dave Fridmann
As artists, we can spend months or years listening to our recordings at home, and anything outside of that can sound surprising. We just need to keep an open mind. While Bauer says that artists often "have it in their mind that those roughs are the one," he has his own strategy to help them hear new possibilities. "At the start of every session, I'll put [the rough mix] up on my board just as they have it, and I'll do a rough mix of their mix running through my two-bus mixing chain. I'll have a bus compressor and a bus EQ, and I'll run their whole mix through that before I start doing anything. Then, we'll start mixing and I'll do it the way I think it should be done. When they leave here, they have three mixes to choose from: their original mix, their mix through my board, and my mix."
Eric Bauer cautions clients to make sure their files are synced correctly.
Fridmann cautions against getting bogged down in the details, because ultimately there's no replacement for good writing and solid playing. "You've gotta have faith in yourself," he says. "No mix engineer is gonna make you say, 'Oh wow, this was mediocre and terrible, but now it's great.' If there's some spark there, if there's something that's musically engaging to you already, then mixing will exemplify that.
"It's not about the technical issues," he continues. "Yes, we have to solve all of these things and maybe somebody hears something weird in some frequency range. Fine—we'll address all that stuff, but that doesn't matter. It doesn't matter when you hear 'Baby Love' and it doesn't matter when you hear 'Back in Black.' Those aren't technical issues that we're listening to—we're listening to emotions and that's what mixing is about to me."
Why you should consider tracking the acoustic sound of your solid-, semi-, or hollowbody axe in addition to the amp it's plugged into.
Hello everyone, and welcome back to the Dojo. This month we are going to do something rarely done and counterintuitive. We are going to mic our electric guitar in addition to the amp! Why? Because there is something to be gained. The Dojo is now open, so let's get started.
I first remember hearing about this technique back in 1989, when I bought the CD Different Trains/Electric Counterpoint, composed by American minimalist Steve Reich and featuring the Kronos Quartet and one of my guitar heroes, Pat Metheny. Pat played all 13 guitar parts called for in Electric Counterpoint with great aplomb, and the result was gorgeous—vertical, pulsating clouds of harmonies weaving into tightly knit, horizontal, rhythmically imitative, melodic fragments that are constantly changing. Can you tell I like this piece? Hopefully you've already started listening to the recording as you're reading this.
Steve Reich: Electric Counterpoint (complete), Pat Metheny
One of the subtle things I noticed was that in addition to Pat's characteristic dark archtop timbre (achieved by rolling back the tone dial on the neck pickup), there was also a clear attack of the note from an additional microphone that was placed near the guitar itself, and not the amp. The result was something quite unique and not really possible without using this technique.
Now, think about this for a moment. When we practice, chances are we're not playing at maximum volume—pissing off the parental units, girlfriends, and neighbors. (There's a time for that, but not all the time.) Most of us will play at room volume or practice volume. Which means, that you are hearing a slight mix of your amp as well as the snap, ping, and buzz of you plucking the guitar that's in your lap. Most of the time, we tune this out and place our focus on our amp volume, but we're missing something here. That little bit of pick attack that happens acoustically is part of our sound, and most of the time isn't captured.
That's the crucial difference of recording an acoustic guitar and an electric. The acoustic will have a microphone or microphones placed around it that are relatively close to your ears and will sound much more natural on playback. Whereas when we dime our 100-watt full stack, we're not going to place our ears right next to the speaker.
That little bit of pick attack that happens acoustically is part of our sound, and most of the time isn't captured.
That little bit of pick attack that happens acoustically is part of our sound, and most of the time isn't captured.Try this: Get your guitar out, mic your amp your favorite way (if you need ideas, read past Dojo articles for some inspiration). Get some distance between you and the amp, and now place a mic four to eight inches away from your neck pickup. Be sure to aim the amp speaker and the acoustic mic directly towards you. Put on your headphones, and as you set the gain level for the acoustic mic, don't overdo it. We're not trying to make it as loud as the amp mic (although you can experiment with that in playback!). We're just trying to get a little bit of that ping and snap of the guitar as if it wasn't plugged in at all. Hit record and play for a couple of minutes. Play something loud, something funky, something soft, single notes, chords, even take a solo.
Now, before you listen back, bring down the level of the acoustic mic and then slowly start fading it in. You'll know when you get the level right, because it will start to sound like you're right in there and playing it without headphones on. Note how your spatial perception changes. If you have a solidbody, a semi-hollow, and an archtop, each will yield varying results.
Until next month, keep an open mind, experiment, and have fun.
[Updated 10/11/21]
That's the crucial difference of recording an acoustic guitar and an electric. The acoustic will have a microphone or microphones placed around it that are relatively close to your ears and will sound much more natural on playback. Whereas when we dime our 100-watt full stack, we're not going to place our ears right next to the speaker.
Try this: Get your guitar out, mic your amp your favorite way (if you need ideas, read past Dojo articles for some inspiration). Get some distance between you and the amp, and now place a mic four to eight inches away from your neck pickup. Be sure to aim the amp speaker and the acoustic mic directly towards you. Put on your headphones, and as you set the gain level for the acoustic mic, don't overdo it. We're not trying to make it as loud as the amp mic (although you can experiment with that in playback!). We're just trying to get a little bit of that ping and snap of the guitar as if it wasn't plugged in at all. Hit record and play for a couple of minutes. Play something loud, something funky, something soft, single notes, chords, even take a solo.