
A sublime pairing: a vintage black-panel Princeton Reverb and a Jazzmaster. The amp's debut model year was 1964, six years after this offset guitar debuted at the NAMM show.
Let's take a look under this iconic amp's hood and learn about its tonal quirks, easy mods, and more.
Fender's Princeton Reverb is an iconic tube amp that has been in production for almost 60 years. Intended to be a student and practice amp, the Princeton became widely popular among both professional and amateur players. Its strength lies in its simplicity and light weight, and in this column, I'll share my insights on how to get great tone from this model.
The Princeton was introduced in 1964, in the black-panel era of Fender, as a single-channel combo powered by two 6V6 tubes, producing 12 watts. It came loaded with either a 10" Jensen or Oxford speaker, inside a small 9 1/2"x16"x20" cabinet. The amp weighs only 27 1/2 pounds and can easily be carried in one arm with a guitar case in the other. The controls consist of volume, treble, bass, reverb, and tremolo speed and intensity. Its design changed slightly during the silver-panel era, in 1968, and then remained consistent until 1981, when Paul Rivera came along and introduced the Princeton Reverb II, a great but different amp that was produced until 1986.
Princetons sounded very consistent through the '60s and '70s. In 2008, Fender reissued a printed-circuit-board-based Princeton that also cosmetically and tone-wise stayed close to the original. It, too, became very popular, and in 2013, Fender added a '68 Custom Princeton Reverb with the vintage-correct, transition-era aluminum frame. It has a small twist in the circuit design that sounds wilder, with more break-up, which is not vintage-correct but is popular and relevant.
Since I started watching vintage Fender amp prices around 1998, Princeton Reverbs have cost more than Super Reverbs and Twin Reverbs. The most sought-after '64 to '67 models, with Jensen speakers, often cost $3,500. More affordable push/pull boost models from 1978/'79 go for $700 to $800. If you install a good speaker in a push/pull version, you will almost have a black-panel Princeton Reverb in terms of sound.
Unlike most other Fender amps, the Princeton survived the silver-panel era without major changes.
Now, let's look at the differences and similarities between the Princeton and other vintage dual-channel Fenders from the AB763 circuit family. They all share the same tone stack, preamp design, and use push/pull class-AB power amps with negative feedback. These similarities explain why Fender's black-panel and silver-panel amps sound very much alike. There are some differences, though. For example, the Princeton sounds smoother than the Deluxe Reverb's vibrato channel, because the Princeton does not have the 47 pF bright cap. That allows many players to easily find a sweet tone in the Princeton, which pairs well with various guitars and takes pedals splendidly, too.
Another of the Princeton Reverb's departures from Fender's other AB763 amps is bias-based tremolo, versus optical tremolo. Bias-based tremolo is capable of a deeper sweep, since it almost turns the power tubes off by changing their bias level while in use—but only if the bias is set correctly. A too-hot bias will weaken the tremolo. It's also fun to experiment with the tremolo's character by varying GZ34 or 5U4GB rectifier tubes, or changing out the 6V6 power tubes.
All class-AB amps have phase inverters whose purpose is to duplicate and invert the original signal into two separate signal chains that are fed into each of the two (or four) power tubes. In the Princeton, there's a budget-level phase inverter based on only one-half of a 12AX7 tube, compared to a full-current-strong 12AT7 in other AB763 amps. This results in more phase-inverter distortion—particularly noticeable as loose and farty bass notes. This also explains why the Princeton Reverb has only 12 watts of power compared to the Deluxe Reverb's 22-watt output, although both use 6V6 power tubes. So when the Princeton is cranked, it tends to sound a bit browner than the Deluxe Reverb, with more breakup in the lower frequencies and a mid-focused tone. But at lower, clean volumes it still delivers a more typical scooped AB763 sound.
I like to keep Princetons stock for practice and home use, because I want early break-up. Those who use a Princeton onstage and need more clean headroom may consider installing a 12" speaker. This mod is really simple and there's no need to expand the speaker hole in the baffle. You only need to drill new screw holes and make sure the speaker frame does not collide with the output transformer or reverb tank. Most speakers, except those with the biggest ceramic magnets, like the EVM12L or Eminence Swamp Thang, will fit. Another easy mod is to insert a Deluxe Reverb output transformer. This will firm things up even more. Finally, installing a 25k mid pot (or switch) on the back is a must-have mod for all Fender amps lacking a mid-control pot. That'll fatten this literal lightweight up!
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Onstage, Tommy Emmanuel executes a move that is not from the playbook of his hero, Chet Atkins.
Recorded live at the Sydney Opera House, the Australian guitarist’s new album reminds listeners that his fingerpicking is in a stratum all its own. His approach to arranging only amplifies that distinction—and his devotion to Chet Atkins.
Australian fingerpicking virtuoso Tommy Emmanuel is turning 70 this year. He’s been performing since he was 6, and for every solo show he’s played, he’s never used a setlist.
“My biggest decision every day on tour is, ‘What do I want to start with? How do I want to come out of the gate?’” Emmanuel explains to me over a video call. “A good opener has to have everything. It has to be full of surprise, it has to have lots of good ideas, lots of light and shade, and then, hit it again,” he says, illustrating each phrase with his hands and ending with a punch.“You lift off straightaway with the first song, you get airborne, you start reaching, and then it’s time to level out and take people on a journey.”
In May 2023, Emmanuel played two shows at the Sydney Opera House, the best performances from which have been combined on his new release, Live at the Sydney Opera House. The venue’s Concert Hall, which has a capacity of 2,679, is a familiar room for Emmanuel, but I think at this point in his career he wouldn’t bring a setlist if he was playing Wembley Stadium. On the recording, Emmanuel’s mind-blowingly dexterous chops, distinctive attack and flair, and knack for culturally resonant compositions are on full display. His opening song for the shows? An original, “Countrywide,” with a segue into Chet Atkins’ “El Vaquero.”
“When I was going to high school in the ’60s, I heard ‘El Vaquero’ on Chet Atkins’ record, [1964’s My Favorite Guitars],” Emmanuel shares. “And when I wrote ‘Countrywide’ in around ’76 or ’77, I suddenly realized, ‘Ah! It’s a bit like “El Vaquero!”’ So I then worked out ‘El Vaquero’ as a solo piece, because it wasn’t recorded like that [by Atkins originally].
“The co-writer of ‘El Vaquero’ is Wayne Moss, who’s a famous Nashville session guy who played ‘da da da’ [sings the guitar riff from Roy Orbison’s ‘Pretty Woman’]. And he played on a lot of Chet’s records as a rhythm guy. So once when I played ‘El Vaquero’ live, Wayne Moss came up to me and said, ‘You know, you did my part and Chet’s at the same time. That’s not fair!’” Emmanuel says, laughing.
Atkins is the reason Emmanuel got into performing. His mother had been teaching him rhythm guitar for a couple years when he heard Atkins on the radio and, at 6, was able to immediately mimic his fingerpicking technique. His father recognized Emmanuel’s prodigious talent and got him on the road that year, which kicked off his professional career. He says, “By the time I was 6, I was already sleep-deprived, working too hard, and being forced to be educated. Because all I was interested in was playing music.”
Emmanuel talks about Atkins as if the way he viewed him as a boy hasn’t changed. The title Atkins bestowed upon him, C.G.P. (Certified Guitar Player), appears on Emmanuel’s album covers, in his record label (C.G.P. Sounds), and is inlaid at the 12th fret on his Maton Custom Shop TE Personal signature acoustic. (Atkins named only five guitarists C.G.P.s. The others are John Knowles, Steve Wariner, Jerry Reed, and Atkins himself.) For Emmanuel, even today most roads lead to Atkins.
When I ask Emmanuel about his approach to arranging for solo acoustic guitar, he says, “It was really hit home for me by my hero, Chet Atkins, when I read an interview with him a long time ago and he said, ‘Make your arrangement interesting.’ And I thought, ‘Wow!’ Because I was so keen to be true to the composer and play the song as everyone knows it. But then again, I’m recreating it like everyone else has, and I might as well get in line with the rest of them and jump off the cliff into nowhere. So it struck me: ‘How can I make my arrangements interesting?’ Well, make them full of surprises.”
When Emmanuel was invited to contribute to 2015’s Burt Bacharach: This Guitar’s in Love with You, featuring acoustic-guitar tributes to Bacharach’s classic compositions by various artists, Emmanuel expresses that nobody wanted to take “(They Long to Be) Close to You,” due to its “syrupy” nature. But for Emmanuel, this presented an entertaining challenge.
He explains, “I thought, ‘Okay, how can I reboot “Close to You?’ So even the most jaded listener will say, ‘Holy fuck—I didn’t expect that! Wow, I really like that; that is a good melody!’ So I found a good key to play the song in, which allowed me to get some open notes that sustain while I move the chords. Then what I did is, in every phrase, I made the chord unresolve, then resolve.
Tommy Emmanuel's Gear
“I’m writing music for the film that’s in my head,” Emmanuel says. “So, I don’t think, ‘I’m just the guitar,’ ever.”
Photo by Simone Cecchetti
Guitars
- Three Maton Custom Shop TE Personals, each with an AP5 PRO pickup system
Amps
- Udo Roesner Da Capo 75
Effects
- AER Pocket Tools preamp
Strings & Picks
- Martin TE Signature Phosphor Bronze (.012–.054)
- Martin SP strings
- Ernie Ball Paradigm strings
- D’Andrea Pro Plec 1.5 mm
- Dunlop medium thumbpicks
“And then to really put the nail in the coffin, at the end, ‘Close to you’ [sings melody]. I finished on a major 9 chord which had that note in it, but it wasn’t the key the song was in, which is a typical Stevie Wonder trick. All the tricks I know, the wonderful ideas that I’ve stolen, are from Michael Jackson, Stevie Wonder, Lionel Richie, James Taylor, Carole King, Neil Diamond. All of the people who wrote really incredibly great pop songs and R&B music—I stole every idea I could, and I tried to make my little two-and-a -half minutes as interesting and entertaining as possible. Because entertainment equals: Surprise me.”
I share with Emmanuel that the performances on Live at the Sydney Opera House, which include his popular “Beatles Medley,” reminded me of another possible arrangement trick. In Harpo Marx’s autobiography, Harpo Speaks, I preface, Marx writes of a lesson he learned as a performer—to “answer the audience’s questions.” (Emmanuel says he’s a big fan of the book and read it in the early ’70s.) That happened for me while listening to the medley, when, after sampling melodies from “She’s a Woman” and “Please Please Me,” Emmanuel suddenly lands on “While My Guitar Gently Weeps.”
I say, “I’m waiting for something that hits more recognizably to me, and when ‘While My Guitar’ comes in, that’s like answering my question.”
“It’s also Paul and John, Paul and John, George,” Emmanuel replies. “You think, ‘That’s great, that’s great pop music,’ then, ‘Wow! Look at the depth of this.’”Often Emmanuel’s flights on his acoustic guitar are seemingly superhuman—as well as supremely entertaining.
Photo by Ekaterina Gorbacheva
A trick I like to employ as a writer, I say to Emmanuel, is that when I’m describing something, I’ll provide the reader with just enough context so that they can complete the thought on their own.
“You can do that musically as well,” says Emmanuel. He explains how, in his arrangement of “What a Wonderful World,” he’ll play only the vocal melody. “When people are asking me at a workshop, ‘How come you don’t put chords behind that part?’ I say, ‘I’m drawing the melody and you’re putting in all the background in your head. I don’t need to tell you what the chords are. You already know what the chords are.’”
“Wayne Moss came up to me and said, ‘You know, you did my part and Chet’s at the same time. That’s not fair!’”
Another track featured on Live at the Sydney Opera House is a cover of Paul Simon’s “American Tune” (which Emmanuel then jumps into an adaptation of the Australian bush ballad, “Waltzing Matilda”). It’s been a while since I really spent time with There GoesRhymin’ Simon (on which “American Tune” was first released), and yet it sounded so familiar to me. A little digging revealed that its melody is based on the 17th-century Christian hymn, “O Sacred Head, Now Wounded,” which was arranged and repurposed by Bach in a few of the composer’s works. The cross-chronological and genre-lackadaisical intersections that come up in popular music sometimes is fascinating.
“I think the principle right there,” Emmanuel muses, “is people like Bach and Beethoven and Mozart found the right language to touch the heart of a human being through their ears and through their senses ... that really did something to them deep in their soul. They found a way with the right chords and the right notes, somehow. It could be as primitive as that.
Tommy Emmanuel has been on the road as a performing guitarist for 64 years. Eat your heart out, Bob Dylan.
Photo by Jan Anderson
“It’s like when you’re a young composer and someone tells you, ‘Have a listen to Elton John’s “Candle in the Wind,”’ he continues. “‘Listen to how those notes work with those chords.’ And every time you hear it, you go, ‘Why does it touch me like that? Why do I feel this way when I hear those chords—those notes against those chords?’ I say, it’s just human nature. Then you wanna go, ‘How can I do that!’” he concludes with a grin.
“You draw from such a variety of genres in your arrangements,” I posit. “Do you try to lean into the side of converting those songs to solo acoustic guitar, or the side of bridging the genre’s culture to that of your audience?”
“I stole every idea I could, and I tried to make my little two-and-a-half minutes as interesting and entertaining as possible. Because entertainment equals: Surprise me.”
“If I was a method actor,” Emmanuel explains, “what I’m doing is—I’m writing music for the film that’s in my head. So, I don’t think, ‘I’m just the guitar,’ ever. I always think it has to have that kind of orchestral, not grandeur, but … palette to it. Because of the influence of Stevie Wonder, Billy Joel, and Elton John, especially—the piano guys—I try to use piano ideas, like putting the third in the low bass a lot, because guitar players don’t necessarily do that. And I try to always do something that makes what I do different.
“I want to be different and recognizable,” he continues. “I remember when people talked about how some players—you just hear one note and you go, ‘Oh, that’s Chet Atkins.’ And it hit me like a train, the reason why a guy like Hank Marvin, the lead guitar player from the Shadows.... I can tell you: He had a tone that I hear in other players now. Everyone copied him—they just don’t know it—including Mark Knopfler, Eric Clapton, Jimmy Page, all those people. I got him up to play with me a few times when he moved to Australia, and even playing acoustic, he still had that sound. I don’t know how he did it, but it was him. He invented himself.”
YouTube It
Emmanuel performs his arrangement of “What a Wonderful World,” illustrating how omitting a harmonic backdrop can have a more powerful effect, especially when playing such a well-known melody.
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Tone, Power, Portability: PowerStage 700 Bass | Seymour Duncan's New Bass Amp Head - YouTube
With both feet squarely in the rodent realm, the Bat spreads its wings to range outward to fuzz, lo-fi, and creamy OD zones.
A thousand shades of RAT, spanning lo-fi, fuzz, and creamy OD. Gets along with every kind of amp and guitar—as long as you like things a bit filthy and mysterious.
Not many, really. Maybe a little extra bass range is asking too much?
$199
Supercool Barstow Bat
supercoolpedals.com
One of the most visceral, thrilling sound baths I ever experienced came courtesy of a Turbo RAT. This roar was an amalgam of trashy punk spittle, string detail, Black Sabbath mass, and an imploding Fender tweed. I might have been even happier if the Supercool Barstow Bat was onstage that night instead.
The Bat, resplendent in Ralph Steadman-style acid-nightmare graphics, is unmistakably a RAT at its core. But with the inclusion of a “Turbo” button and a low/mid/high EQ stack in place of a RAT’s filter control, the Bat enables you to explore very specific tone spectra the original could only hint at. And when you factor in the Bat’s ability to work with virtually any guitar tone-and-volume combo, you’re sorta looking at a pedal that’s as different as a real rat is from real bat.
Okay, maybe the difference isn’t that extreme. As I said, RAT genetics are easy to hear here. But the very effective tone controls mean you can transform the RAT vocabulary—which spans low-gain overdrive and lacerating distortion—into 1960s buzz-fuzz realms, exploding lo-fi student-amp zones, and other extremes ranging from fat and blurry to laser-beam trebly. You’ll have to know this pedal well to cover all this ground on a stage—a path well worth pursuing. (It’s just five knobs for cryin’ out loud). And because it finds copious goodness as easily in a 6L6 Fender as an EL84 Vox, it’s the kind of pedal that you should try with any amp, in any musical situation—but especially in the studio, where its unique, rangeful RAT-related voice could be the best kind of chameleon.
Angus is plugged in and ready to go, so we get to hear some of the moves in action—including how loose, light gauge strings create the signature Sabbath sound, how it encouraged some parts of Iommi’s lead moves.
Angus Clark is an expert of all things Tony Iommi, and he has the gear to prove it! The Trans-Siberian Orchestra and Rock of Ages guitarist shows us a couple sweet Iommi tribute SGs as he walks us through Black Sabbath’s discography, breaking down Iommi’s vocabulary, sound, and gear, and how Iommi created some of the most identifiable riffs in all of rock. Angus is plugged in and ready to go, so we get to hear some of the moves in action—including how loose, light gauge strings create the signature Sabbath sound, how it encouraged some parts of Iommi’s lead moves.