What does it take to be an R&B bass icon? Here’s how Pino Palladino changed the game.
Theory: Intermediate
Lesson Overview:
• Understand the basic elements of palm-muting.
• Develop a more fluid sense of timing when playing R&B and soul-based grooves.
• Learn to love simplicity in bass lines. Click here to download a printable PDF of this lesson's notation.
Most bassists have this one fact in common: Their lifelong dream gig has been held, at one point or another, by Pino Palladino. The 6'8" Welshman is the epitome of a jack-of-all-trades—and, more importantly, a master of all of them.
Pino began music on classical guitar and didn't pick up bass until age 17, but his rapid mastery of the instrument and unique concepts of time and groove quickly earned him spots with some of the biggest names in the world. He landed session and touring gigs with the likes of Eric Clapton, Melissa Etheridge, David Gilmour, B.B. King, and Elton John—just to name a few.
So, how did this fretless-pioneering, pop-session bassist become one of the most iconic R&B and soul musicians of a generation?
Cue D'Angelo.
The Soulquarians Era
Searching for the perfect set of musicians for what would become Voodoo, D'Angelo discovered Palladino on a live B.B. King album in the late '90s. Pino joined an incredible team of musicians that included Questlove, Roy Hargrove, Q-Tip, Raphael Saadiq, and Charlie Hunter to back D'Angelo on his newest offering after a long sabbatical following his first album, 1995's Brown Sugar.
The Voodoo sessions began around 1998 at the fabled Electric Lady Studios. R&B, hip-hop, and rap music were particularly bombastic and monochromatic at the time, leaving an open lane for the Voodoo crew to take a sharp-left turn from the genre. Through a collaboration between D'Angelo and his band to invent their soft, sensual, behind-the-beat feel, neo-soul was born.
During an appearance on the Chris Rock Show, Palladino propels D'Angelo's “Chicken Grease" along with drummer Ahmir “Questlove" Thompson. The bass line is classic Pino: understated, smooth, and funky as hell.
Neo-soul required a subtlety and nuance highly specific to this niche genre, and Pino's playing delivered exactly that. His bass lines were shockingly simple, yet maintained a complete command of the groove, epitomizing a musician's version of speaking less while saying more. They are often buried in the mix by nature of the deep tone, but never fail to be the strongest heartbeat of the track.
He became a fixture of the neo-soul movement, playing and recording with the Vanguard (D'Angelo's band) as well as the Soulquarians collective (including artists like Erykah Badu, J Dilla, the Roots, Mos Def, and Talib Kweli).
Pino's playing brought an extra magic to the profound grooves of neo-soul, bolstered by his years of studying classic soul and funk bassists like James Jamerson, Bootsy Collins, and Rocco Prestia. And part of that magic was created by his unique approach to a particular right-hand playing technique, actually spawned by his musical beginnings on classical guitar: palm-muting.
String Muting for a Modern Age
Back in Jamerson's time, the original Fender bass came stock with a foam mute under the metal bell covering its bridge. The music of the time still required the thumpy, dark sound of a miked upright bass, and a foam mute masked the brighter, more legato inclinations of its electric cousin.
As funk and dance music popularized popping and slapping, bassists in the late '60s and '70s began removing the foam from their Fenders. Once the more melodic bass lines of the '70s and '80s became mainstream, bass guitar mutes became a thing of the past.
But the original soul and R&B recordings featured that deep, deadened sound, so Pino strived to recreate it for the neo-soul genre. It wasn't practical to bring back the foam mute, as modern songs often require a transition from muting to fingerstyle to slapping between a verse and chorus of the same song. Capitalizing on his musical-chameleon nature, Pino developed his own style of palm-muting to mark the era of neo-soul. With the meaty, right edge of his palm resting on the strings about an inch from the bridge, he adapted the classical-guitar technique of plucking with one finger per string. The thumb plucks the 4th string, index finger for 3rd, middle finger for 2nd, and ring finger on the 1st string.
Mastering the Pino Palm-Mute
It requires a bit of experimentation to find the sweet spot on your individual instrument, but it's easy to recognize when you get it. Playing on top of the bridge allows too much extraneous string ringing, and playing too far up the body will deaden too much tone from your notes.
Getting your picking hand up to speed is another story. Here are two great exercises (Ex. 1 and Ex. 2) to work on the one-finger-per-string technique, before we jump into more ways to achieve the Palladino palm-muting sound. (Don't fret if your ring finger is lagging far behind the others—be sure that your thumb, index, and middle are falling in line, and add in the ring finger when you're feeling adventurous.)
Click here for Ex. 1
Click here for Ex. 2
Less is More: “Africa" by D'Angelo (Voodoo)
One of my favorite bass parts (and favorite song of all time, in fact) is “Africa" from D'Angelo's Voodoo.
Note the brevity and clarity of this line. So much space is left between the notes that you sometimes wonder if Pino was lulled to sleep in the session by the gorgeous harmonic landscapes passing by.
Even more subtle is the deft way in which Pino and Questlove nail these deceptively quirky and complex rhythms—often playing the bass drum and bass line together on the “and" of one, instead of the downbeat. It's a masterful lesson in both groove and restraint, which are perhaps the two most important concepts in Pino's palm-muting. Ex. 3 is inspired by this classic duo.
Click here for Ex. 3
It's important to include that Pino recorded most of Voodoo on a '63 Fender P Bass, with heavy-gauge La Bella strings (à la James Jamerson) tuned down a whole-step. While you can achieve the “Pino" sound on any instrument, many bassists attribute the extra Voodoo voodoo to these gear choices.
Driving the Groove: “The Joint" by the RH Factor (Hard Groove)
Pino and trumpeter Roy Hargrove played together on the Voodoo sessions, and there's no doubt their concepts of soul and groove are a perfect fit. Pino was also part of Hargrove's band, the RH Factor, when they recorded the 2003 album, Hard Groove. On “The Joint," Pino drives the rhythm section on this track, providing the majority of its melodic and rhythmic content with his bass line.
The next two examples (Ex. 4 and Ex. 5) are what could be described as a version of the verse and chorus of this tune that show what a palm-muted bass line can do when it's front and center.
Click here for Ex. 4
Click here for Ex. 5
Muting like a Metronome: “Vultures" by John Mayer Trio (Continuum)
When drummer Steve Jordan and Pino met in the early '80s, they were among the top-call session musicians in the industry. After a recommendation from Jordan to John Mayer that Pino join them on a one-off, the three meshed so well that the John Mayer Trio was born.
You can also find this song on the trio's live album Try!, but Pino's juicy palm-muting licks come through more clearly on the studio version from Continuum.
The track's bass line is much more “square" than the previous examples from the neo-soul archives, but still delivers a masterclass of groove. Pino becomes the song's metronome, setting a solid foundation, with plenty of fills thrown in at the most tasteful moments. Check out Ex. 6, which was inspired by this groove and some signature Pino fills.
Click here for Ex. 6
Neo-Soul in New Pop: “Darkness and Light" by John Legend (Darkness and Light)
Pino proves he is the absolute master of soul on John Legend's most recent album, Darkness and Light. Palladino remains one of the world's most prolifically recorded bassists, meaning he plays a lot of mainstream and commercial music—but this pop album features so much laid-back palm-muting, you might think you're still listening to D'Angelo. This style can be heard particularly in the album's title track, with bass lines similar to Ex. 7. He plays an especially virtuosic palm-muting line in another track on the record, “Overload," which inspired Ex. 8.
Click here for Ex. 7
Click here for Ex. 8
If I continued to share the amount of Palladino's god-like palm-muting that exists in the recorded realm, this lesson would span a tome of Lord-of-the-Rings magnitude. Be sure to check out all of Pino's discography with the Soulquarians, and the rest of the tunes from the albums mentioned here. Pino is truly a never-ending source of soul and inspiration. If you absorb his catchy grooves, you'll be palm-muting like the best in no time.
Selenium, an alternative to silicon and germanium, helps make an overdrive of great nuance and delectable boost and low-gain overdrive tones.
Clever application of alternative materials that results in a simple, make-everything-sound-better boost and low-gain overdrive.
Might not have enough overdrive for some tastes (although that’s kind of the idea).
$240 street
Cusack Project 34 Selenium Rectifier Pre/Drive Pedal
cusackmusic.com
The term “selenium rectifier” might be Greek to most guitarists, but if it rings a bell with any vintage-amp enthusiasts that’s likely because you pulled one of these green, sugar-cube-sized components out of your amp’s tube-biasing network to replace it with a silicon diode.
That’s a long-winded way of saying that, just like silicon or germanium diodes—aka “rectifiers”—the lesser-seen selenium can also be used for gain stages in a preamp or drive pedal. Enter the new Project 34 Selenium Rectifier Pre/Drive from Michigan-based boutique maker Cusack, named after the element’s atomic number, of course.
An Ounce of Pre-Vention
As quirky as the Project 34 might seem, it’s not the first time that company founder Jon Cusack indulged his long-standing interest in the element. In 2021, he tested the waters with a small 20-unit run of the Screamer Fuzz Selenium pedal and has now tamed the stuff further to tap levels of gain running from pre-boost to light overdrive. Having used up his supply of selenium rectifiers on the fuzz run, however, Cusack had to search far and wide to find more before the Project 34 could launch.
“Today they are usually relegated to just a few larger industrial and military applications,” Cusack reports, “but after over a year of searching we finally located what we needed to make another pedal. While they are a very expensive component, they certainly do have a sound of their own.”
The control interface comprises gain, level, and a traditional bright-to-bassy tone knob, the range of which is increased exponentially by the 3-position contour switch: Up summons medium bass response, middle is flat response with no bass boost, and down is maximum bass boost. The soft-touch, non-latching footswitch taps a true-bypass on/off state, and power requires a standard center-negative 9V supply rated at for least 5 mA of current draw, but you can run the Project 34 on up to 18V DC.
Going Nuclear
Tested with a Telecaster and an ES-355 into a tweed Deluxe-style 1x12 combo and a 65 Amps London head and 2x12 cab, the Project 34 is a very natural-sounding low-gain overdrive with a dynamic response and just enough compression that it doesn’t flatten the touchy-feely pick attack. The key adjectives here are juicy, sweet, rich, and full. It’s never harsh or grating.
“The gain knob is pretty subtle from 10 o’clock up, which actually helps keep the Project 34 in character.”
There’s plenty of output available via the level control, but the gain knob is pretty subtle from 10 o’clock up, which actually helps keep the Project 34 in character. Settings below there remain relatively clean—amp-setting dependent, of course—and from that point on up the overdrive ramps up very gradually, which, in amp-like fashion, is heard as a slight increase in saturation and compression. The pedal was especially fantastic with the Telecaster and the tweed-style combo, but also interacted really well with humbuckers into EL84s, which certainly can’t be said for all overdrives.
The Verdict
Although I almost hate to use the term, the Project 34 is a very organic gain stage that just makes everything sound better, and does so with a selenium-driven voice that’s an interesting twist on the standard preamp/drive. For all the variations on boost and low/medium-gain overdrive out there it’s still a very welcome addition to the market, and definitely worth checking out—particularly if you’re looking for subtler shades of overdrive.
You may know the Gibson EB-6, but what you may not know is that its first iteration looked nothing like its latest.
When many guitarists first encounter Gibson’s EB-6, a rare, vintage 6-string bass, they assume it must be a response to the Fender Bass VI. And manyEB-6 basses sport an SG-style body shape, so they do look exceedingly modern. (It’s easy to imagine a stoner-rock or doom-metal band keeping one amid an arsenal of Dunables and EGCs.) But the earliest EB-6 basses didn’t look anything like SGs, and they arrived a full year before the more famous Fender.
The Gibson EB-6 was announced in 1959 and came into the world in 1960, not with a dual-horn body but with that of an elegant ES-335. They looked stately, with a thin, semi-hollow body, f-holes, and a sunburst finish. Our pick for this Vintage Vault column is one such first-year model, in about as original condition as you’re able to find today. “Why?” you may be asking. Well, read on....
When the EB-6 was introduced, the Bass VI was still a glimmer in Leo Fender’s eye. The real competition were the Danelectro 6-string basses that seemed to have popped up out of nowhere and were suddenly being used on lots of hit records by the likes of Elvis, Patsy Cline, and other household names. Danos like the UB-2 (introduced in ’56), the Longhorn 4623 (’58), and the Shorthorn 3612 (’58) were the earliest attempts any company made at a 6-string bass in this style: not quite a standard electric bass, not quite a guitar, nor, for that matter, quite like a baritone guitar.
The only change this vintage EB-6 features is a replacement set of Kluson tuners.
Photo by Ken Lapworth
Gibson, Fender, and others during this era would in fact call these basses “baritone guitars,” to add to our confusion today. But these vintage “baritones” were all tuned one octave below a standard guitar, with scale lengths around 30", while most modern baritones are tuned B-to-B or A-to-A and have scale lengths between 26" and 30".)
At the time, those Danelectros were instrumental to what was called the “tic-tac” bass sound of Nashville records produced by Chet Atkins, or the “click-bass” tones made out west by producer Lee Hazlewood. Gibson wanted something for this market, and the EB-6 was born.
“When the EB-6 was introduced, the Bass VI was still a glimmer in Leo Fender’s eye.”
The 30.5" scale 1960 EB-6 has a single humbucking pickup, a volume knob, a tone knob, and a small, push-button “Tone Selector Switch” that engages a treble circuit for an instant tic-tac sound. (Without engaging that switch, you get a bass-heavy tone so deep that cowboy chords will sound like a muddy mess.)
The EB-6, for better or for worse, did not unseat the Danelectros, and a November 1959 price list from Gibson hints at why: The EB-6 retailed for $340, compared to Dano price tags that ranged from $85 to $150. Only a few dozen EB-6 basses were shipped in 1960, and only 67 total are known to have been built before Gibson changed the shape to the SG style in 1962.
Most players who come across an EB-6 today think it was a response to the Fender Bass VI, but the former actually beat the latter to the market by a full year.
Photo by Ken Lapworth
It’s sad that so few were built. Sure, it was a high-end model made to achieve the novelty tic-tac sound of cheaper instruments, but in its full-voiced glory, the EB-6 has a huge potential of tones. It would sound great in our contemporary guitar era where more players are exploring baritone ranges, and where so many people got back into the Bass VI after seeing the Beatles play one in the 2021 documentary, Get Back.
It’s sadder, still, how many original-era EB-6s have been parted out in the decades since. Remember earlier when I wrote that our Vintage Vaultpick was about as original as you could find? That’s because the model’s single humbucker is a PAF, its Kluson tuners are double-line, and its knobs are identical to those on Les Paul ’Bursts. So as people repaired broken ’Bursts, converted other LPs to ’Bursts, or otherwise sought to give other Gibsons a “Golden Era” sound and look ... they often stripped these forgotten EB-6 basses for parts.
This original EB-6 is up for sale now from Reverb seller Emerald City Guitars for a $16,950 asking price at the time of writing. The only thing that isn’t original about it is a replacement set of Kluson tuners, not because its originals were stolen but just to help preserve them. (They will be included in the case.)
With so few surviving 335-style EB-6 basses, Reverb doesn’t have a ton of sales data to compare prices to. Ten years ago, a lucky buyer found a nearly original 1960 EB-6 for about $7,000. But Emerald City’s $16,950 asking price is closer to more recent examples and asking prices.
Sources: Prices on Gibson Instruments, November 1, 1959, Tony Bacon’s “Danelectro’s UB-2 and the Early Days of 6-String Basses” Reverb News article, Gruhn’s Guide to Vintage Guitars, Tom Wheeler’s American Guitars: An Illustrated History, Reverb listings and Price Guide sales data.
An '80s-era cult favorite is back.
Originally released in the 1980s, the Victory has long been a cult favorite among guitarists for its distinctive double cutaway design and excellent upper-fret access. These new models feature flexible electronics, enhanced body contours, improved weight and balance, and an Explorer headstock shape.
A Cult Classic Made Modern
The new Victory features refined body contours, improved weight and balance, and an updated headstock shape based on the popular Gibson Explorer.
Effortless Playing
With a fast-playing SlimTaper neck profile and ebony fretboard with a compound radius, the Victory delivers low action without fret buzz everywhere on the fretboard.
Flexible Electronics
The two 80s Tribute humbucker pickups are wired to push/pull master volume and tone controls for coil splitting and inner/outer coil selection when the coils are split.
For more information, please visit gibson.com.
Gibson Victory Figured Top Electric Guitar - Iguana Burst
Victory Figured Top Iguana BurstThe SDE-3 fuses the vintage digital character of the legendary Roland SDE-3000 rackmount delay into a pedalboard-friendly stompbox with a host of modern features.
Released in 1983, the Roland SDE-3000 rackmount delay was a staple for pro players of the era and remains revered for its rich analog/digital hybrid sound and distinctive modulation. BOSS reimagined this retro classic in 2023 with the acclaimed SDE-3000D and SDE-3000EVH, two wide-format pedals with stereo sound, advanced features, and expanded connectivity. The SDE-3 brings the authentic SDE-3000 vibe to a streamlined BOSS compact, enhanced with innovative creative tools for every musical style. The SDE-3 delivers evocative delay sounds that drip with warmth and musicality. The efficient panel provides the primary controls of its vintage benchmark—including delay time, feedback, and independent rate and depth knobs for the modulation—plus additional knobs for expanded sonic potential.
A wide range of tones are available, from basic mono delays and ’80s-style mod/delay combos to moody textures for ambient, chill, and lo-fi music. Along with reproducing the SDE-3000's original mono sound, the SDE-3 includes a powerful Offset knob to create interesting tones with two simultaneous delays. With one simple control, the user can instantly add a second delay to the primary delay. This provides a wealth of mono and stereo colors not available with other delay pedals, including unique doubled sounds and timed dual delays with tap tempo control. The versatile SDE-3 provides output configurations to suit any stage or studio scenario.
Two stereo modes include discrete left/right delays and a panning option for ultra-wide sounds that move across the stereo field. Dry and effect-only signals can be sent to two amps for wet/dry setups, and the direct sound can be muted for studio mixing and parallel effect rigs. The SDE-3 offers numerous control options to enhance live and studio performances. Tap tempo mode is available with a press and hold of the pedal switch, while the TRS MIDI input can be used to sync the delay time with clock signals from DAWs, pedals, and drum machines. Optional external footswitches provide on-demand access to tap tempo and a hold function for on-the-fly looping. Alternately, an expression pedal can be used to control the Level, Feedback, and Time knobs for delay mix adjustment, wild pitch effects, and dramatic self-oscillation.
The new BOSS SDE-3 Dual Delay Pedal will be available for purchase at authorized U.S. BOSS retailers in October for $219.99. To learn more, visit www.boss.info.